Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 1733
  Hrmova M, Fincher GB "Purification and properties of three (1-3)-β-D-glucanase isoenzymes from young leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare)" - Biochemical Journal 289 (1993) 453-461
  

  Three (1→3)-β-D-glucan glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.39) isoenzymes GI, GII and GIII were purified from young leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare) using (NH4)2SO4 fractional precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing and gel-filtration chromatography. The three (1→3)-β-D-glucanases are monomeric proteins of apparent M(r)32,000 with pI values in the range 8.8-10.3. N-terminal amino-acid-sequence analyses confirmed that the three isoenzymes represent the products of separate genes. Isoenzymes GI and GII are less stable at elevated temperatures and are active over a narrower pH range than is isoenzyme GIII, which is a glycoprotein containing 20-30 mol of hexose equivalents/mol of enzyme. The preferred substrate for the enzymes is laminarin from the brown alga Laminaria digitata, an essentially linear (1→3)-β-D-glucan with a low degree of glucosyl substitution at 0-6 and a degree of polymerization of approx. 25. The three enzymes are classified as endohydrolases, because they yield (1→3)-β-D-oligoglucosides with degrees of polymerization of 3-8 in the initial stages of hydrolysis of laminarin. Kinetic analyses indicate apparent Km values in the range 172-208 microM, kcat. constants of 36-155 s-1 and pH optima of 4.8. Substrate specificity studies show that the three isoenzymes hydrolyse substituted (1→3)-β-D-glucans with degrees of polymerization of 25-31 and various high-M(r), substituted and side-branched fungal (1→3;1→6)-β-D-glucans. However, the isoenzymes differ in their rates of hydrolysis of a (1→3;1→6)-β-D-glucan from baker's yeast and their specific activities against laminarin vary significantly. The enzymes do not hydrolyse (1→3;1→4)-β-D-glucans, (1→6)-β-D-glucan, CM-cellulose, insoluble (1→3)-β-D-glucans or aryl β-D-glycosides.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8424790
  Publication DOI: 10.1042/bj2890453
  Journal NLM ID: 2984726R
  Publisher: London, UK : Published by Portland Press on behalf of the Biochemical Society
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
  Methods: enzymatic digestion, ion-exchange chromatography, enzymatic assays, gel electrophoresis, amino acid sequence analysis, isoelectric focusing, chromatofocusing
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  CSDB ID 106269 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: glomerellan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558868,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 6686
  Franz G, Feuerstein U "Chemical stability of some model polysaccharides" - Macromolecular Symposia 120 (1997) 169-181
  

  A series of different Polysaccharides with actual or potential medicinal or industrial utilization such as linear fructans of the inuline type, branched fungal beta-1.3,1.6-glucans, galactomannans of the guar type, acidic polysaccharides such as alginates, pectins were submitted to experimental stress-and non stress conditions. The resistance to humidity, thermal degradation, pH influence and microbial decomposition was studied by measuring the relative viscosity, reduction in DP values, degradation of specific conformations and glycosidic linkages. It could be clearly shown that most polysaccharides are stable at room temerature in a dry environment. At increased temperature even in the absence of water, polymer decomposition was documented. Polysaccharide solutions, when stored under thermal stress (40 degrees, 60 degrees, 80 degrees C), showed structure dependent rapid progress in degradation of primary and secondary structures. The kinetics of these decompositions were measured over prolonged periods in order to give a practical background for the utilization of such polymers in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products.

  Publication DOI: 10.1002/masy.19971200118
  Journal NLM ID: 9888296
  Publisher: Basel; Oxford, CT: Hüthig & Wepf
  Institutions: Institut fur Pharmazie, Universitat Regensburg, UniversitatsstraBe 3 1,93040 Regensburg, Germany
  Methods: acid hydrolysis, viscosity measurement
  
   
  
  Glomerella cingulata
  CSDB ID 40046 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 6724
  Schmid F, Stone BA, McDougall BM, Bacic A, Martin KL, Brownlee RT, Chai E, Seviour RJ "Structure of epiglucan, a highly side-chain/branched (1→3;1→6)-β-glucan from the micro fungus Epicoccum nigrum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht" - Carbohydrate Research 331 (2001) 163-171
  

  The extracellular fungal polysaccharide, epiglucan, synthesised by Epicoccum nigrum is a side-chain/branched (1 --> 3;1 --> 6)-D-beta-glucan. Methylation analysis, 13C DEPT NMR and specific enzymic digestion data show slight variation in branching frequency among the epiglucans from the three strains examined. The (1 --> 3)-beta-linked backbone has (1 --> 6)-beta-linked branches at frequencies greater than the homologous glucans, scleroglucan and schizophyllan, from Sclerotium spp. and Schizophyllum commune, respectively. The structural analyses do not allow a distinction to be made between structures I and II. [structures: see text] Epiglucan displays non-Newtonian shear thinning rheological properties, typical of these glucans.

  extracellular polysaccharide, (1→3;1→6)-β-glucan, Epicoccum nigrum

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6215(01)00023-4
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: r.seviour@bendigo.latrobe.edu.au
  Institutions: Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Vic. 3550, Australia, School of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia, Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia, CRC for Industrial Plant Biopolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
  Methods: 13C NMR, IR, GC-MS, TLC, acid hydrolysis, HPLC, enzymatic digestion, methylation analysis, rheological study
  
   
  
  Epicoccum nigrum E48, Epicoccum nigrum E61, Epicoccum nigrum F19
  CSDB ID 40631 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: suggested polymer biological repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 6727
  Zeng Y, Zhang W, Ning J, Kong F "Synthesis of two isomeric pentasaccharides, the possible repeating unit of the beta-glucan from the micro fungus Epicoccum nigrum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht" - Carbohydrate Research 337 (2002) 2383-2391
  

  Two isomeric pentasaccharides, beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-[beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)]-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-[beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6 )]-beta-D-Glcp (I) and beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-[beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)] -beta-D-Glcp (II), the possible repeating unit of the beta-glucan from the micro fungus Epicoccum nigrum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht, were synthesized as their 4-methoxyphenyl glycosides in a regio- and stereoselective manner. The pentasaccharide I was obtained from 3-O-selective glycosylation of 4-methoxyphenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside (12) with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-[2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-be ta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-2,4-di-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (6) followed by acetylation, debenzylidenation, and 6-O-selective glucosylation with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (1), and then by deprotection. The pentasaccharide II was obtained from 3-O-selective coupling of 12 with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-2,4-di-O-acetyl-3-O-allyl-a lpha-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (10) followed by acetylation, debenzylidenation, and 6-O-selective glycosylation with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (11), and finally by deprotection.

  Trichloroacetimidates, Regioselective synthesis, stereoselective synthesis, glucose oligosaccharides

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6215(02)00317-8
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: fzkong@mail.rcees.ac.cn
  Institutions: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Academia Sinica, PO Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, TLC, ESI-MS, column chromatography, optical rotation, synthetic procedures
  
   
  
  Epicoccum nigrum
  CSDB ID 40644 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115576,IEDB_128161,IEDB_130701,IEDB_133966,IEDB_134620,IEDB_134621,IEDB_135614,IEDB_136095,IEDB_136104,IEDB_137340,IEDB_137472,IEDB_137485,IEDB_1394182,IEDB_1397514,IEDB_140116,IEDB_140628,IEDB_140629,IEDB_141111,IEDB_141793,IEDB_141795,IEDB_141806,IEDB_141807,IEDB_141828,IEDB_141829,IEDB_141830,IEDB_141832,IEDB_141833,IEDB_141834,IEDB_142357,IEDB_142488,IEDB_143632,IEDB_144983,IEDB_144994,IEDB_144995,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_147452,IEDB_147453,IEDB_147454,IEDB_149137,IEDB_149176,IEDB_151531,IEDB_152206,IEDB_153220,IEDB_153543,IEDB_153755,IEDB_153756,IEDB_1539315,IEDB_158538,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_164174,IEDB_164175,IEDB_164176,IEDB_164479,IEDB_164480,IEDB_174840,IEDB_190606,IEDB_232584,IEDB_232585,IEDB_241101,IEDB_420417,IEDB_420418,IEDB_420419,IEDB_420420,IEDB_420421,IEDB_423115,IEDB_558866,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558868,IEDB_558869,IEDB_742521,IEDB_76933,IEDB_857742,IEDB_857743,IEDB_885812,IEDB_983930,IEDB_983931,SB_136,SB_191,SB_192,SB_196,SB_197,SB_198,SB_44,SB_67,SB_72,SB_77

• Article ID: 6749
  Fontaine T, Simenel C, Dubreucq G, Adam O, Delepierre M, Lemoine J, Vorgias CE, Diaquin M, Latge JP "Molecular organization of the alkali-insoluble fraction of Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (2000) 27594-27607
  

  Physical and biological properties of the fungal cell wall are determined by the composition and arrangement of the structural polysaccharides. Cell wall polymers of fungi are classically divided into two groups depending on their solubility in hot alkali. We have analyzed the alkali-insoluble fraction of the Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall, which is the fraction believed to be responsible for fungal cell wall rigidity. Using enzymatic digestions with recombinant endo-β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase, fractionation by gel filtration, affinity chromatography with immobilized lectins, and high performance liquid chromatography, several fractions that contained specific interpolysaccharide covalent linkages were isolated. Unique features of the A. fumigatuscell wall are (i) the absence of β-1,6-glucan and (ii) the presence of a linear β-1,3/1,4-glucan, never previously described in fungi. Galactomannan, chitin, and β-1,3-glucan were also found in the alkali-insoluble fraction. The β-1,3-glucan is a branched polymer with 4% of β-1,6 branch points. Chitin, galactomannan, and the linear β-1,3/1,4-glucan were covalently linked to the nonreducing end of β-1,3-glucan side chains. As in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chitin was linked via a β-1,4 linkage to β-1,3-glucan. The data obtained suggested that the branching of β-1,3-glucan is an early event in the construction of the cell wall, resulting in an increase of potential acceptor sites for chitin, galactomannan, and the linear β-1,3/1,4-glucan.

  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M909975199
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  WWW link: http://www.jbc.org/content/275/36/27594.abstract
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: tfontain@pasteur.fr
  Institutions: Laboratoire des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Universitédes Sciences et Technologie de Lille Flandres-Artois 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France, University of Athens, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology GR-15701, Athens, Greece
  Methods: gel filtration, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, acid hydrolysis, GLC, mild acid hydrolysis, HPAEC, enzymatic digestion, 15N NMR, acetolysis, TOCSY, methylation analysis, DQF-COSY, MALDI-TOF-MS, phenol-sulfuric acid procedure, Johnson procedure, lectin affinity chromatography, gHSQC-TOCSY
  
   
  
  Aspergillus fumigatus CBS 144-89
  CSDB ID 40488 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6762
  Bernard M, Latge JP "Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall: composition and biosynthesis" - Medical Mycology 39 (2001) 9-17
  

  Analysis of the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus is guided by obvious biological reasons: the cell wall protects the fungus against the aggressive human defense reactions, it harbours most of the fungal antigens and it represents a potential drug target. This review will discuss our current understanding of the structural organization of the polysaccharides constitutive of the cell wall of A. fumigatus [α and β(1,3)-glucans, chitin, galactomannan, and β(1,3),(1,4)-glucan] and of the enzymes (synthases, transglycosidases, and glycosyl hydrolases) responsible for their biosynthesis and remodelling. Comparative analysis of the cell wall of the conidium and mycelium also provides insights on their respective roles during the pathogenic life of this fungal species.

  transferase, cell wall, synthase, hydrolase, Aspergillus fumigatus, conidium, mycelium

  Publication DOI: 10.1080/mmy.39.1.9.17
  Journal NLM ID: 9815835
  Publisher: Oxford: Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: jplatge@pasteur.fr
  Institutions: Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
  
   
  
  Aspergillus fumigatus
  CSDB ID 40511 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 6821
  Methacanon P, Madla S, Kirtikara K, Prasitsil M "Structural elucidation of bioactive fungi-derived polymers" - Carbohydrate Polymers 60(2) (2005) 199-203
  

  Chemical composition and molecular structure of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from three strains of fungi, Akanthomyces pistillariiformis BCC2694, Cordyceps dipterigena BCC2073, and Phytocordyceps sp. BCC2744, which can promote the production of IL-8 (a cytokine enhancing wound healing), were elucidated. The results from HPLC after acid hydrolysis revealed that the EPS were mainly composed of glucose indicating the presence of glucan. Galactose, mannose and arabinose were also found as minor monosaccharides. In addition, the protein content in the EPS was determined to be approximately 6–7% with the exception of Phytocordyceps sp. BCC2744 (21%). To identify the linkages between the monosaccharides and the molecular structure of the EPS, methylation followed by reductive cleavage and 13C-NMR analyses were performed. They were shown to be composed of a (1→3)-β-D-glucan backbone substituted at O-6 with side chains of (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl units. The highest branching structure was shown in the EPS from A. pistillariiformis BCC2694, followed by C. dipterigena BCC2073 and Phytocordyceps sp. BCC2744, respectively. Apart from the highly branched at O-6 of (1→3)-β-D-glucan, (1→2) mannan and (1→3) galactan were also found in C. dipterigena BCC2073.

  methylation analysis, Monosaccharide composition, fungal polysaccharides

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.12.006
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: pawadeem@mtec.or.th
  Institutions: National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
  Methods: 13C NMR, methylation, GC-MS, sugar analysis, acid hydrolysis, GC, HPLC, GPC, reductive cleavage
  
   
  
  Akanthomyces pistillariiformis BCC2694, Cordyceps dipterigena BCC2073, Phytocordyceps sp. BCC2744
  CSDB ID 41263 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 190000-200000
Compound class: glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 5268
  Barsanti L, Passarelli V, Evangelista V, Frassanito AM, Gualtieri P "Chemistry, physico-chemistry and applications linked to biological activities of β-glucans" - Natural Product Reports 28(3) (2011) 457-466
  

  β-Glucans is the common name given to a group of chemically heterogeneous polysaccharides. They are long- or short-chain polymers of (1→3)-β-linked glucose moieties which may be branched, with the branching chains linked to the backbone by a (1→6)-β linkage. β-(1→3)-Glucans are widely distributed in bacteria, algae, fungi and plants, where they are involved in cell wall structure and other biological function. β-Glucans have been shown to provide a remarkable range of health benefits, and are especially important against the two most common conventional causes of death in industrialized countries, i.e. cardiovascular diseases (where they promote healthy cholesterol and blood glucose levels) and cancer (where they enhance immune system functions). This Highlight provides a comprehensive and up-to-date commentary on β-glucans, their chemistry, physico-chemistry, functional role in immunological responses, and possible applications as therapeutic tools. In addition, we discuss the mechanism behind their health benefits, which are not yet fully understood.

  polysaccharides, β-Glucans, beta-glucans

  NCBI PubMed ID: 21240441
  Publication DOI: 10.1039/c0np00018c
  Journal NLM ID: 8502408
  Publisher: London: Royal Society of Chemistry
  Correspondence: paolo.gualtieri@pi.ibf.cnr.it
  Institutions: Istituto di Biofisica, Pisa, Italy
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans
  CSDB ID 43331 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 590000
Compound class: glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 7103
  Methacanon P, Weerawatsophon U, Tanjak P, Rachtawee P, Prathumpai W "Interleukin-8 stimulating activity of low molecular weight β-glucan depolymerized by γ-irradiation" - Carbohydrate Polymers 86(2) (2011) 574-580
  

  Since many studies reveal that the biological properties of various biopolymers depend on their molecular weight. Therefore, it was considered of importance to investigate how molecular weight affected on the interleukin-8 (IL-8) stimulating activity of the β-glucan from Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC2073. γ-Irradiation of the glucan with various doses (0-100 kGy) was chosen as a clean method to produce different low molecular weight samples. The result showed that average molecular weight (MW) of irradiated samples significantly decreased as the irradiation dose increased whereas the functional groups of before and after irradiated glucans detected by FTIR and 13C-NMR were identical. However, difference in intensity of an absorption peak at 270 nm was found in the UV/vis spectra. The biological properties such as cytotoxicity, proliferation and IL-8 secretion of normal human dermal fibroblast contacted with various MW glucans were also tested. It was found that the glucan with MW of approximately 5 kDa exhibited the highest ability to induce IL-8 production. Apart from the MW effect, chain conformation seems to be involved. Thus, differences in solution conformation of various MW glucans via Congo red analysis were evaluated.

  molecular weight, Chain conformation, γ-irradiation, fungal glucan, il-8

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.075
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Methacanon P
  Institutions: National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), Klong Luang, Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Klong Luang, Thailand
  Methods: 13C NMR, ELISA, FTIR, GPC, UV, cytotoxicity assay, precipitation, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, MTT, Congo red assay, gamma irradiation, interleukin-8 assay
  
   
  
  Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073
  CSDB ID 43488 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558868,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 7378
  Manners DJ, Masson AJ, Patterson JC "The structure of a β-(1→3)-D-glucan from yeast cell walls" - Biochemical Journal 135(1) (1973) 19-30
  

  Yeast glucan as normally prepared by various treatments of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell walls to remove mannan and glycogen is still heterogeneous. The major component (about 85%) is a branched β-(1→3)-glucan of high molecular weight (about 240000) containing 3% of β-(1→6)-glucosidic interchain linkages. The minor component is a branched β-(1→6)-glucan. A comparison of our results with those of other workers suggests that different glucan preparations may differ in the degree of heterogeneity and that the major β-(1→3)-glucan component may vary considerably in degree of branching.

  β-glucan, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast, branching degree

  NCBI PubMed ID: 4359920
  Publication DOI: 10.1042/bj1350019
  Journal NLM ID: 2984726R
  Publisher: London, UK : Published by Portland Press on behalf of the Biochemical Society
  Institutions: Department of Brewing and Biological Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
  Methods: methylation, acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, paper chromatography, enzymatic digestion, periodate oxidation, acetylation, reduction, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, evaporation, Somogyi-Nelson method, Kjeldahl method
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  CSDB ID 44293 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide, galactoglucomannan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115576,IEDB_128161,IEDB_130701,IEDB_133966,IEDB_134620,IEDB_134621,IEDB_135614,IEDB_136095,IEDB_136104,IEDB_137340,IEDB_137472,IEDB_137485,IEDB_1397514,IEDB_140116,IEDB_140628,IEDB_140629,IEDB_141111,IEDB_141793,IEDB_141795,IEDB_141806,IEDB_141807,IEDB_141828,IEDB_141829,IEDB_141830,IEDB_141832,IEDB_141833,IEDB_141834,IEDB_142357,IEDB_142488,IEDB_143632,IEDB_144983,IEDB_144994,IEDB_144995,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_147452,IEDB_147453,IEDB_147454,IEDB_149137,IEDB_149176,IEDB_151531,IEDB_152206,IEDB_153220,IEDB_153543,IEDB_153755,IEDB_153756,IEDB_1539315,IEDB_158538,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_164174,IEDB_164175,IEDB_164176,IEDB_164479,IEDB_164480,IEDB_174840,IEDB_190606,IEDB_232584,IEDB_232585,IEDB_241101,IEDB_420417,IEDB_420418,IEDB_420419,IEDB_420420,IEDB_420421,IEDB_423115,IEDB_558866,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558868,IEDB_558869,IEDB_742521,IEDB_76933,IEDB_857742,IEDB_857743,IEDB_885812,IEDB_983930,IEDB_983931,SB_136,SB_191,SB_192,SB_196,SB_197,SB_198,SB_44,SB_67,SB_72,SB_77

• Article ID: 7500
  Gow NAR, Latge JP, Munro CA "The fungal cell wall: structure, biosynthesis, and function" - Microbiology Spectrum 5(3) (2017) FUNK-0035
  

  The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28513415
  Publication DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0035-2016
  Journal NLM ID: 101634614
  Publisher: Washington, DC: ASM Press
  Correspondence: n.gow@abdn.ac.uk
  Institutions: Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
  
   
  
  Aspergillus fumigatus
  CSDB ID 43192 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit ; 288000
Compound class: glucan, polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 7504
  Hu T, Huang Q, Wong K, Yang H, Gan J, Li Y "A hyperbranched β-D-glucan with compact coil conformation from Lignosus rhinocerotis sclerotia" - Food Chemistry 225 (2017) 267-275
  

  An alkali-soluble polysaccharide was extracted from Lignosus rhinocerotis sclerotia (LRP). Its structural characteristics were determined by GC-MS, FT-IR, GC, 1D and 2D NMR combined with Smith degradation and methylation analysis. The LRP had a (1→3)-β-D-Glcp backbone with every three residues bearing a (1→6)-linked and hyperbranched side chain that contained three (1→6)-β-D-Glcp residues as secondary main chain and two terminal β-D-Glcp residues linked at O3. The degree of branching was 0.76 from GC-MS analysis, implying a highly branched structure for LRP. The Mw, z1/2, Rh and [η] values of LRP in 0.25M LiCl/DMSO were measured by SEC-MALLS-Vis-RI combination technology to be 2.88×105g/mol, 30.36nm, 22.34nm and 131.50ml/g, respectively. Furthermore, the exponent α of [η]-Mw, β of z1/2-Mw, the fractal dimension df and molecular parameter ρ were determined to be 0.20, 0.33, 2.50 and 1.36, demonstrating that the LRP was a hyperbranched polysaccharide and adopted a compact coil conformation in LiCl/DMSO.

  Chain conformation, β-D-glucan, fractal dimension, Lignosus rhinocerotis, hyperbranched polysaccharide, compact coil

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28193424
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.034
  Journal NLM ID: 7702639
  Publisher: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
  Correspondence: hql@mail.hzau.edu.cn, whuhql@gmail.com
  Institutions: College of Food Science and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GC-MS, acid hydrolysis, GC, Smith degradation, UV, periodate oxidation, acetylation, methylation analysis, reduction with NaBH4, SEC-MALLS, trifluoroacetic acid solvolysis, HMQC, NOESY, FT-IR, phenol-sulfuric acid method
  
   
  
  Lignosus rhinocerotis
  CSDB ID 43213 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9232
  Cai W, Hu T, Huang Q "A polysaccharide from Lignosus rhinocerotis sclerotia: Self-healing properties and the effect of temperature on its rheological behavior" - Carbohydrate Polymers 267 (2021) ID 118223
  

  This work investigated the self-healing properties of Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharide (LRP) and the effect of temperature on its rheological behavior. Dynamic sweep tests (strain sweep, frequency sweep, and time sweep) showed that the LRP/water system possessed self-healing properties due to the entangled network formed by hyperbranched LRP molecular chains. The flow activation energy of LRP solution calculated by Arrhenius equation was shown to decrease with increasing LRP concentration, indicating that LRP solution at higher concentration was less sensitive to temperature. Temperature ramp test exhibited that LRP had a glass transition temperature (Tg) determined as 49.35 °C and the temperature effect was irreversible. Microrheological test revealed that the LRP aqueous solution can form a gel at room temperature with the concentration ≥ 20 mg/mL. This work provided a theoretical basis for the development of LRP-based self-healing materials and facilitated a deep understanding of the temperature effect on rheological behavior of LRP.

  Arrhenius equation, Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharide, rheological behavior, self-healing properties

  NCBI PubMed ID: 34119176
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118223
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Huang Q
  Institutions: College of Food Science and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal College, Huanggang, China
  Methods: viscosity measurement, rheological study
  
   
  
  Lignosus rhinocerotis
  CSDB ID 40896 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 9255
  Hu T, Cai W, Zheng Z, Xiao Y, Huang Q "Structure, size and aggregated morphology of a β-D-glucan from Lignosus rhinocerotis as affected by ultrasound" - Carbohydrate Polymers 269 (2021) ID 118344
  

  The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the structure, size and aggregated morphology of Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharide (LRP) was investigated. Ultrasonic treatment for 10 min has demonstrated to improve the aqueous solubility of LRP, leading to a uniform and narrow LRP particle size distribution. Meanwhile, short-time ultrasound was found to obviously decrease the molecular size parameters (Mw, Mn, z1/2, [?] and Rh) of LRP, and transform the hyperbranched LRP molecules into flexible and extended chains, which would reaggregate to form spherical aggregates under long-time ultrasonication. Additionally, Congo red experiment combined with CD analysis indicated the existence of triple helix structure in LRP, which was still retained after ultrasonic treatment. Furthermore, under short-time ultrasonication, the spherical aggregates with some branched chains in the native LRP solution could disaggregate and form triple helixes that could be further arranged to a dense network structure, but the untangled LRP chains would reaggregate after long-time ultrasonication.

  structure, size, β-D-glucan, ultrasound, Lignosus rhinocerotis, aggregated morphology

  NCBI PubMed ID: 34294351
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118344
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Huang Q
  Institutions: College of Food Science and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
  Methods: IR, CD, SEC-MALLS, spectrophotometry, complex formation with Congo Red, sonication, TEM, AFM, turbidity measurement
  
   
  
  Lignosus rhinocerotis
  CSDB ID 40972 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Compound class: glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558868,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 7657
  Sobieralski K, Siwulski M, Lisiecka J, Jędryczka M, Sas-Golak I, Frużyńska-Jóźwiak D "Fungi-derived β-glucans as a component of functional food" - Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum cultus = Ogrodnictwo 11(4) (2012) 111-128
  

  Functional food market develops dynamically all over the world although in Poland consumers knowledge in this area is insufficient. An importance of functional food mainly arises from contained bioactive substances. Funcional food includes also mushrooms which contain polisaccharides, especially β-glucans. These compounds differ in structure, water solubility, molecule size and molecular mass which determine their medicinal properties. β-glucans derived from fungi show very wide spectrum of health-supporting activity. Their antitumor, immunomodulating, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-oxidative properties are well documented. They have ability to lower high blood pressure, lower excessive cholesterol synthesis, and decrease blood-glucose level. Lentinula edodes and species from genus Pleurotus are regarded as main sources of β-glucans. The most important fungi derived -glucans are lentinan, pleuran, grifolan, crestin and ganoderan.

  polysaccharides, Edible mushrooms, medicinal properties

  Publisher: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie
  Correspondence: sobieralski@up.poznan.pl
  Institutions: Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Science, Poznań, Poland
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  CSDB ID 45823 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Trivial name: β-1,3-glucan
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide, glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558868,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 7724
  Free SJ "Fungal cell wall organization and biosynthesis" - Advances in Genetics 81 (2013) 33-82
  

  The composition and organization of the cell walls from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora crassa, and Cryptococcus neoformans are compared and contrasted. These cell walls contain chitin, chitosan, β-1,3-glucan, β-1,6-glucan, mixed β-1,3-/β-1,4-glucan, α-1,3-glucan, melanin, and glycoproteins as major constituents. A comparison of these cell walls shows that there is a great deal of variability in fungal cell wall composition and organization. However, in all cases, the cell wall components are cross-linked together to generate a cell wall matrix. The biosynthesis and properties of each of the major cell wall components are discussed. The chitin and glucans are synthesized and extruded into the cell wall space by plasma membrane-associated chitin synthases and glucan synthases. The glycoproteins are synthesized by ER-associated ribosomes and pass through the canonical secretory pathway. Over half of the major cell wall proteins are modified by the addition of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The cell wall glycoproteins are also modified by the addition of O-linked oligosaccharides, and their N-linked oligosaccharides are extensively modified during their passage through the secretory pathway. These cell wall glycoprotein posttranslational modifications are essential for cross-linking the proteins into the cell wall matrix. Cross-linking the cell wall components together is essential for cell wall integrity. The activities of four groups of cross-linking enzymes are discussed. Cell wall proteins function as cross-linking enzymes, structural elements, adhesins, and environmental stress sensors and protect the cell from environmental changes.

  Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fungal cell wall, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora crassa, cell wall biogenesis, glucan; chitin, Cryptococcus neoformas

  NCBI PubMed ID: 23419716
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407677-8.00002-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0370421
  Publisher: San Diego, CA: Academic Press
  Correspondence: free@buffalo.edu
  Institutions: Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
  Methods: MS, electrophoresis, enzymatic digestion, microscopy
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Aspergillus fumigatus
  CSDB ID 44857 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7752
  Cabib E, Arroyo J "How carbohydrates sculpt cells: chemical control of morphogenesis in the yeast cell wall" - Nature Reviews Microbiology 11(9) (2013) 648-655
  

  In budding yeast, the neck that connects the mother and daughter cell is the site of essential functions such as organelle trafficking, septum formation and cytokinesis. Therefore, the morphology of this region, which depends on the surrounding cell wall, must be maintained throughout the cell cycle. Growth at the neck is prevented, redundantly, by a septin ring inside the cell membrane and a chitin ring in the cell wall. Here, we describe recent work supporting the hypothesis that attachment of the chitin ring, which forms at the mother–bud neck during budding, to β-1,3-glucan in the cell wall is necessary to stop growth at the neck. Thus, in this scenario, chemistry controls morphogenesis.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 23949603
  Publication DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3090
  Journal NLM ID: 101190261
  Publisher: London, UK: Nature Publishing Group
  Correspondence: Cabib E
  Institutions: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, USA, the Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Madrid, Spain
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  CSDB ID 44926 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7936
  Goodridge HS, Wolf AJ, Underhill DM "Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system" - Immunological Reviews 230(1) (2009) 38-50
  

  Beta-glucans are recognized by the innate immune system. This recognition plays important roles in host defense and presents specific opportunities for clinical modulation of the host immune response. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells among others express several receptors capable of recognizing beta-glucan in its various forms. This review explores what is currently known about beta-glucan recognition and how this recognition stimulates immune responses. Special emphasis is placed on Dectin-1, as we know the most about how this key beta-glucan receptor translates recognition into intracellular signaling, stimulates cellular responses, and participates in orchestrating the adaptive immune response.

  inflammation, phagocytosis, macrophages, signal transduction, fungal infections, pattern recognition receptors

  NCBI PubMed ID: 19594628
  Publication DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00793.x
  Journal NLM ID: 7702118
  Publisher: Oxford: Blackwell
  Correspondence: iDavid.Underhill@cshs.org
  Institutions: Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Pneumocystis carinii, Aspergillus fumigatus, Sclerotium glucanicum
  CSDB ID 42369 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 7948
  Xu X, Yasuda M, Mizuno M, Ashida H "β-Glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages" - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1820(10) (2012) 1656-1663
  

  β-Glucans obtained from fungi, such as baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)-derived β-glucan (BBG), potently activate macrophages through nuclear factor κB (NFκB) translocation and activation of its signaling pathways. The mechanisms by which β-glucans activate these signaling pathways differ from that of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the effects of β-glucans on LPS-induced inflammatory responses are poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of BBG on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. We explored the actions of BBG in RAW264.7 macrophages. BBG inhibited LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages by 35-70% at concentrations of 120-200μg/ml. BBG also suppressed mRNA and protein expression of LPS-induced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, but not NFκB activation. By contrast, a neutralizing antibody against dectin-1, a β-glucan receptor, did not affect BBG-mediated inhibition of NO production. Meanwhile, BBG suppressed Pam3CSK-induced NO production. Moreover, BBG suppressed LPS-induced production of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ra, and IL-27. Our results indicate that BBG is a powerful inhibitor of LPS-induced NO production by downregulating iNOS expression. The mechanism involves inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and TLR2 pathway, but is independent of dectin-1. BBG might be useful as a novel agent for the chemoprevention of inflammatory diseases.

  Lipopolysaccharide, beta-glucan, anti-inflammation, RAW264.7 macrophage, inducible nitric oxide synthase

  NCBI PubMed ID: 22750202
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.06.015
  Journal NLM ID: 0217513
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Ashida H , Xu X
  Institutions: Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan, Department of Agrobioscience, Applied Chemistry in Bioscience Division, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  Methods: PCR, Western blotting, cytokine assay, immunological assays, determination of NO production, luciferase assay
  
   
  
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  CSDB ID 42440 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 8609
  Reyes-Becerril M, Guardiola FA, Sanchez V, Maldonado M, Angulo C "Sterigmatomyces halophilus beta-glucan improves the immune response and bacterial resistance in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) peripheral blood leucocytes: In vitro study" - Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 78 (2018) 392-403
  

  beta-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides that are produced by bacteria, fungi and yeast. They are considered immunostimulants in fish acting on non-specific defense mechanism. Yeast-derived glucans from cell wall (Sterigmatomyces halophilus, beta-Gluc/Sh) have been used for this purpose in this study. Therefore, an in vitro assay using peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) from Pacific red snapper was performed to evaluate the stimulant effects of beta-Gluc/Sh and zymosan A (positive control) for 12 and 24 h and after bacterial challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila at 24 h. In addition, structural characterization of this marine yeast glucan was performed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealing structures containing (1.6)-branched (1-3)-beta-D-glucan. PBLs responded positively to beta-Gluc/Sh where cell viability was higher than 80%. After challenge, beta-Gluc/Sh was able to inhibit cytotoxicity caused by A. hydrophila, highlighting that the PBLs incubated with beta-Gluc/Sh significantly increased the non-specific immune response, such as phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, nitric oxide and peroxidase activities followed by an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities after 12 and 24 h post-stimulation and after challenge with the pathogen. Regarding induction of antioxidant gene expression, it was more pronounced in stimulated beta-Gluc/Sh leucocytes compared to other groups at all experimental times of the trial and after bacterial challenge. Indeed, our results clearly showed the ability of leucocytes to strongly react to beta-Gluc/Sh with an increase in cytokine gene expression, particularly the IL-1 beta, IL-10 and IL- 17 genes. These results confirm that S. halophilus yeast-derived beta-glucan, isolated from an extreme marine environment, is beneficial for increasing innate immune response and enhancing resistance against A. hydrophila in vitro.

  carbohydrates, Aeromonas hydrophila, fish, bacterial pathogens, yeast, immunostimulant

  NCBI PubMed ID: 29684606
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.043
  Journal NLM ID: 8406612
  Publisher: Springer
  Correspondence: Angulo C
  Institutions: Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, México, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  Methods: 1H NMR, PCR, extraction, statistical analysis, immunological assays, determination of NO production, cell viability assay, centrifugation, phagocytosis assay
  
   
  
  Sterigmatomyces halophilus
  CSDB ID 49020 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 8621
  Pérez P, Cortés JCG, Cansado J, Ribas JC "Fission yeast cell wall biosynthesis and cell integrity signalling" - Cell Surface 4 (2018) 1-9
  

  Brewer's yeast is used in production of beer since millennia, and it is receiving increased attention because of its distinct fermentation ability and other biological properties. During fermentation, autolysis occurs naturally at the end of growth cycle of yeast. Yeast cell wall provides yeast with osmotic integrity and holds the cell shape upon the cell wall stresses. The cell wall of yeast consists of β-glucans, chitin, mannoproteins, and proteins that cross linked with glycans and a glycolipid anchor. The variation in composition and amount of cell wall polysaccharides during autolysis in response to cell wall stress, laying significant impacts on the autolysis ability of yeast, either benefiting or destroying the flavor of final products. On the other hand, polysaccharides from yeast cell wall show outstanding health effects and are recommended to be used in functional foods. This article reviews the influence of cell wall polysaccharides on yeast autolysis, covering cell wall structure changings during autolysis, and functions and possible applications of cell wall components derived from yeast autolysis.

  polysaccharides, cell wall, β-glucan, MAPK, PKC, α-glucan, Bgs, GTPase

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.10.001
  Journal NLM ID: 101728565
  Publisher: Amsterdam: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Pérez P
  Institutions: Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain, Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
  Methods: immunoelectron microscopy, SEM, TEM
  
   
  
  Schizosaccharomyces pombe
  CSDB ID 49049 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide, glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_140628,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558868,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 7932
  Du B, Lin C, Bian Z, Xu B "An insight into anti-inflammatory effects of fungal beta-glucans" - Trends in Food Science and Technology 41(1) (2015) 49-59
  

  β-Glucans from fungi exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities including anti-tumor, immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory effect is mediated through the regulation of various inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, interferon gamma (INF)-γ as well as non-cytokine mediator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Up to now, the anti-inflammatory activity of β-glucans has received little attention. It is worthwhile to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of fungal β-glucans in a separate review, discussing in vitro studies, animal studies and human studies on anti-inflammation effects of fungal β-glucans, as well as the structure-anti-inflammatory activity relationships.

  cytokines, macrophages, anti-inflammatory, inflammatory responses

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.09.002
  Journal NLM ID: 9426004
  Publisher: Cambridge, UK: Elsevier Trends Journals
  Correspondence: Du B ; Lin C ; Bian Z ; Xu B
  Institutions: School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China, Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing, Normal University - Hong Kong Baptist University, United International College, Guangdong, China
  Methods: 13C NMR, GC-MS, HPSEC, western blotting
  
   
  
  Ganoderma lucidum
  CSDB ID 42359 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 10000, n=60
Compound class: glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_1397514,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_161166,IEDB_241101,IEDB_558867,IEDB_558868,IEDB_558869,IEDB_857743,IEDB_983931,SB_192

• Article ID: 8054
  Stalhberger T, Simenel C, Clavaud C, Eijsink VG, Jourdain R, Delepierre M, Latge JP, Breton L, Fontaine T "Chemical organization of the cell wall polysaccharide core of Malassezia restricta" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 289(18) (2014) 12647-12656
  

  Background: Cell wall of Malassezia restricta is involved in interactions with human skin. Results: Its core is composed of cross-linked polysaccharides such as chitin, chitosan, α-(1,3)-glucan and α-(1,6)-glucan. Conclusion: The composition of cell wall polysaccharides of M. restricta is unique in the fungal kingdom. Significance: The cell wall of M. restricta has evolved as a yeast that adapted to the skin microenvironment and host interactions.

  cell wall

  NCBI PubMed ID: 24627479
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M113.547034
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: Fontaine T
  Institutions: Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Unité de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire des Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, France, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway,, CNRS UMR3528, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GLC-MS, acid hydrolysis, GLC, HPAEC, MALDI-TOF MS, extraction, peracetylation, methylation analysis, NaBH4 reduction, enzymatic assay, HPGPC, phenol-sulfuric acid assay
  
   
  
  Malassezia restricta CBS 7877
  CSDB ID 46547 (all data & tools)