Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150943,IEDB_151528,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10156
  Ishii T, Tobita T "Structural characterization of feruloyl oligosaccharides from spinach- leaf cell walls" - Carbohydrate Research 248 (1993) 179-190
  

  Hydrolysis of spinach-leaf cell walls with Driselase (a fungal enzyme preparation) released two arabino-oligosaccharides and one galactobiose, each carrying a ferulic acid moiety. The oligosaccharides were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and FABMS. They were O-(2-O-trans-feruloyl-α-l-arabinofuranosyl)-(1→5)-l-arabinofuranose, O-(6-O-trans-feruloyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→4)-d-galactopyranose, and O-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)-O-(2-O-trans-feruloyl-α-l-arabinofuranosyl)-(1→5)-l-arabinofuranose.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8252533
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84125-P
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan, Japan Tobacco Inc., Tobacco Science Research Laboratory, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, FAB-MS, HPLC, alkaline hydrolysis, methylation analysis, reduction, PC
  
   
  
  Spinacia oleracea
  CSDB ID 117378 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150935,IEDB_150943,IEDB_190606,IEDB_221845,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10156
  Ishii T, Tobita T "Structural characterization of feruloyl oligosaccharides from spinach- leaf cell walls" - Carbohydrate Research 248 (1993) 179-190
  

  Hydrolysis of spinach-leaf cell walls with Driselase (a fungal enzyme preparation) released two arabino-oligosaccharides and one galactobiose, each carrying a ferulic acid moiety. The oligosaccharides were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and FABMS. They were O-(2-O-trans-feruloyl-α-l-arabinofuranosyl)-(1→5)-l-arabinofuranose, O-(6-O-trans-feruloyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→4)-d-galactopyranose, and O-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)-O-(2-O-trans-feruloyl-α-l-arabinofuranosyl)-(1→5)-l-arabinofuranose.

  NCBI PubMed ID: 8252533
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84125-P
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan, Japan Tobacco Inc., Tobacco Science Research Laboratory, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GLC-MS, FAB-MS, HPLC, alkaline hydrolysis, methylation analysis, reduction, PC
  
   
  
  Spinacia oleracea
  CSDB ID 217378 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150935,IEDB_150943,IEDB_151528,IEDB_190606,IEDB_221845,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10261
  Ralet MC, Thibault JF, Faulds CB, Williamson G "Feruloylated oligosaccharides from cell-wall polysaccharides, Part I. Isolation and purification of feruloylated oligosaccharides from cell walls of sugar-beet pulp" - Carbohydrate Research 263 (1994) 227-241
  

  Cell walls from sugar-beet pulp contain some feruloyl groups linked to the pectic neutral side-chains. Enzymic as well as chemical hydrolysis of the pulp yielded a series of feruloylated oligosaccharides, which have been purified by Sephadex LH-20 and Biogel P-2 chromatography in aqueous solvents. Feruloylated arabinose di-, tri-, hexa-, hepta-, and octa-saccharides as well as feruloylated galactose disaccharides were obtained after hydrolysis of the pulp with a mixture of fungal carbohydrases (Driselase). Feruloylated arabinose and galactose monosaccharides were obtained through mild acid hydrolyses. Both arabinose and galactose residues in the side-chains are feruloylated, 50–55% of the feruloyl groups being linked to arabinose residues and 45–50% to galactose residues. It is concluded that 1 out of 56 arabinose residues and 1 out of 16 galactose residues present as pectic side-chains in sugar-beet pulp carry a feruloyl group.

  pectins, galactans, beet pulp, ferulic acid, arabinans

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7805051
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00175-8
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technologie des Glucides, Nantes, France, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
  Methods: gel filtration, mild acid hydrolysis, HPLC, enzymatic digestion, FPLC, DEAEC
  
   
  
  Beta vulgaris
  CSDB ID 118181 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150943,IEDB_151528,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10262
  Colquhoun IJ, Ralet MC, Thibault JF, Faulds CB, Williamson G "Feruloylated oligosaccharides from cell-wall polysaccharides, Part II. Structure indentification of feruloylated oligosaccharides from sugar- beet pulp by NMR spectroscopy" - Carbohydrate Research 263 (1994) 243-256
  

  1D NMR (1H and 13C) and 2D NMR spectroscopy have been used to determine the structure of feruloylated oligosaccharides obtained by enzymic degradation or mild acid hydrolysis of sugar-beet pulp. Feruloylated oligosaccharides derived from pectic neutral side-chains containing arabinose or galactose residues were identified. In the feruloylated arabinose oligosaccharides, feruloyl groups were linked to 0-2 of l,-Araf residues. The structure of the feruloylated arabinose disaccharide was identified as 0-[2-0-(trans-feruloyl)-α-l-Ara f]-(1→5)-l-Araf and that of the feruloylated arabinose trisaccharide as O-α-l-Araf-(1→3)-O-[2-0-(trans-feruloyl)-α-l-Araf]-(1→5)-l-Araf. The structure of the feruloylated galactose disaccharide was identified as 0-[6-0-(trans-feruloyl)-β-d-Galp]-(1→4)-d-Galp. From our results, we suggest that the feruloyl groups present in sugar-beet pulp are linked to the arabinofuranosyl residues of the main core of α-(1→5)-linked arabinan chains and to the galactopyranosyl residues of the main core of β-(1→4)-linked type I galactan chains.

  NMR, structure, ferulic acid, sugar-beet pulp

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7805052
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00176-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technologie des Glucides, Nantes, France, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Colney, United Kingdom
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR
  
   
  
  Beta vulgaris
  CSDB ID 118184 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150935,IEDB_150943,IEDB_190606,IEDB_221845,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10262
  Colquhoun IJ, Ralet MC, Thibault JF, Faulds CB, Williamson G "Feruloylated oligosaccharides from cell-wall polysaccharides, Part II. Structure indentification of feruloylated oligosaccharides from sugar- beet pulp by NMR spectroscopy" - Carbohydrate Research 263 (1994) 243-256
  

  1D NMR (1H and 13C) and 2D NMR spectroscopy have been used to determine the structure of feruloylated oligosaccharides obtained by enzymic degradation or mild acid hydrolysis of sugar-beet pulp. Feruloylated oligosaccharides derived from pectic neutral side-chains containing arabinose or galactose residues were identified. In the feruloylated arabinose oligosaccharides, feruloyl groups were linked to 0-2 of l,-Araf residues. The structure of the feruloylated arabinose disaccharide was identified as 0-[2-0-(trans-feruloyl)-α-l-Ara f]-(1→5)-l-Araf and that of the feruloylated arabinose trisaccharide as O-α-l-Araf-(1→3)-O-[2-0-(trans-feruloyl)-α-l-Araf]-(1→5)-l-Araf. The structure of the feruloylated galactose disaccharide was identified as 0-[6-0-(trans-feruloyl)-β-d-Galp]-(1→4)-d-Galp. From our results, we suggest that the feruloyl groups present in sugar-beet pulp are linked to the arabinofuranosyl residues of the main core of α-(1→5)-linked arabinan chains and to the galactopyranosyl residues of the main core of β-(1→4)-linked type I galactan chains.

  NMR, structure, ferulic acid, sugar-beet pulp

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7805052
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00176-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technologie des Glucides, Nantes, France, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Colney, United Kingdom
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR
  
   
  
  Beta vulgaris
  CSDB ID 218184 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: cell wall polysaccharide
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150935,IEDB_150943,IEDB_151528,IEDB_190606,IEDB_221845,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 10795
  Ishii T "Structure and functions of feruloylated polysaccharides" - Plant Science 127(2) (1997) 111-127
  

  Cell wall polysaccharides contain a small amount of ester-linked hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, such as p-coumaric and ferulic acids. These hydroxycinnamic acids can be coupled oxidatively to form the acid dimers. Dimer formation in the growing plant cell wall would cause the cross-linkage of cell wall polysaccharides and lead to an increase in wall rigidity. Feruloyl polysaccharide esters would also participate with lignin monomers in oxidative coupling pathways to generate a ferulate-polysaccharide-lignin complexes during cell wall development. Feruloyl oligosaccharides derived from feruloyl polysaccharides have been shown to inhibit cell elongation growth induced by auxin or gibberellins. Feruloyl polysaccharides are critical entities in directing wall cross-linking and in limiting biodegradability by microorganisms.

  cell wall, Cross-linking, Feruloyl polysaccharides

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9452(97)00130-1
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki, 305, Japan
  
   
  
  Spinacia oleracea
  CSDB ID 60095 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: monomer
Compound class: glycoside, flavonoid glycoside, flavonol glycoside
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150943,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 11595
  Park SH, Oh SR, Jung KY, Lee IS, Ahn KS, Kim JH, Kim YS, Lee JJ, Lee HK "Acylated flavonol glycosides with anti-complement activity from Persicaria lapathifolia" - Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 47(10) (1999) 1484-1486
  

  During a search for biologically active compounds from traditional medicines, a crude extract of Persicaria lapathifolia was found to have anti-complement activity. Bioassay-guided chromatographic separation of the active constituents led to the isolation of a new acylated kaempferol glycoside (1) and three known acylated quercetin glycosides (2-4). The structures of compounds 1-4 were characterized as kaempferol 3-O-β-D-(6"-p-hydroxybenzoyl)-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-(6"-feruloyl)-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-(2"-galloyl)-rhamnopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-β-D-(2"-galloyl)-glucopyranoside, respectively. Compounds 1-4 showed strong anti-complement activity (IC50 values of 4.3, 9.7, 3.9 and 7.6 x 10-5 M, respectively) on the classical pathway of the complement. On the other hand, six isolated flavonol glycosides (5-10) did not show any activity on this system.

  anti-complement activity, Persicaria lapathifolia, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-(6"-p-hydroxybenzoyl)-galctopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-(6"-feruloyl)-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-(2"-galloyl)-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-(2"-galloyl)-glucopyranoside

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10553645
  Publication DOI: 10.1248/cpb.47.1484
  Journal NLM ID: 0377775
  Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society Of Japan
  Institutions: Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Yusong P.O. Box 115, Taejon 305-600, Korea and College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, IR, FAB-MS, UV, complement assays, HMBC, HR-FAB-MS
  
   
  
  Persicaria lapathifolia
  CSDB ID 63825 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 11969
  Kim Y, Jang DS, Park SH, Yun J, Min BK, Min KR, Lee HK "Flavonol glycoside gallate and ferulate esters from Persicaria lapathifolia as inhibitors of superoxide production in human monocytes stimulated by unopsonized zymosan" - Planta Medica 66(1) (2000) 72-74
  

  Aerial parts of Persicaria lapathifolia S.F. Gray (Polygonaceae) exhibited an inhibitory effect on superoxide production in unopsonized zymosan-stimulated human monocytes. Two known compounds, quercetin 3-O-β-(2″-galloyl)-glucopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-β-(2″-galloyl)-rhamnopyranoside, and a new compound, quercetin 3-O-β-(6″-feruloyl)-galactopyranoside, were isolated as the inhibitors of superoxide production by activity-guided fractionation. IC50 values were shown at the concentrations of 2.1µM by quercetin 3-O-β-(2″-galloyl)-glucopyranoside, 1.9µM by quercetin 3-O-β-(2″-galloyl)-rhamnoypranoside, and 3.5µM by quercetin 3-O-β-(6″-feruloyl)-galactopyranoside whose inhibitory potencies were similar to oxyphenylbutazone (IC50 = 1.9µM) as a positive control.

  Antioxidant activity, zymozan, flavonol glycosides, Persicaria lapathifolia, feruloyl and galloyl esters

  NCBI PubMed ID: 10705740
  Publication DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1243112
  Journal NLM ID: 0066751
  Publisher: George Thieme
  Correspondence: youngsoo@cbucc.chungbuk.ac.kr
  Institutions: Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Taejeon, South Korea, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, FAB-MS, inhibition studies, biological assays, extraction, column chromatography, evaporation, fluorescence detection
  
   
  
  Persicaria lapathifolia
  CSDB ID 65961 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: glycoside, flavonoid glycoside
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150943,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 12142
  Markham KR, Gould KS, Winefield CS, Mitchell KA, Bloor SJ, Boase MR "Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions - their nature and significance in flower colouration" - Phytochemistry 55(4) (2000) 327-336
  

  The petals of a number of flowers are shown to contain similar intensely coloured intravacuolar bodies referred to herein as anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). The AVIs in a blue-grey carnation and in purple lisianthus have been studied in detail. AVIs occur predominantly in the adaxial epidermal cells and their presence is shown to have a major influence on flower colour by enhancing both intensity and blueness. The latter effect is especially dramatic in the carnation where the normally pink pelargonidin pigments produce a blue-grey colouration. In lisianthus, the presence of large AVIs produces marked colour intensification in the inner zone of the petal by concentrating anthocyanins above levels that would be possible in vacuolar solution. Electron microscopy studies on lisianthus epidermal tissue failed to detect a membrane boundary in AVI bodies. AVIs isolated from lisianthus cells are shown to have a protein matrix. Bound to this matrix are four cyanidin and delphinidin acylated 3,5-diglycosides (three, new to lisianthus), which are relatively minor anthocyanins in whole petal extracts where acylated delphinidin triglycosides predominate. Flavonol glycosides were not bound. A high level of anthocyanin structural specificity in this association is thus implied. The specificity and effectiveness of this anthocyanin "trapping" is confirmed by the presence in the surrounding vacuolar solution of only delphinidin triglycosides, accompanied by the full range of flavonol glycosides. "Trapped" anthocyanins are shown to differ from solution anthocyanins only in that they lack a terminal rhamnose on the 3-linked galactose. The results of this study define for the first time the substantial effect AVIs have on flower colour, and provide insights into their nature and their specificity as vacuolar anthocyanin traps.

  Eustoma grandiflorum; Dianthus caryophyllus; petal colour; anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions; anthocyanin; protein; trap

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11117881
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00246-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0151434
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: k.markham@irl.cri.nz
  Institutions: NZ Institute for Industrial Research and Development, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Crop and Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
  Methods: HPLC, microscopy, spectrophotometry
  
   
  
  Eustoma grandiflorum
  CSDB ID 66736 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: glycoside, flavonoid glycoside
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136105,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150943,IEDB_190606,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 12142
  Markham KR, Gould KS, Winefield CS, Mitchell KA, Bloor SJ, Boase MR "Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions - their nature and significance in flower colouration" - Phytochemistry 55(4) (2000) 327-336
  

  The petals of a number of flowers are shown to contain similar intensely coloured intravacuolar bodies referred to herein as anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). The AVIs in a blue-grey carnation and in purple lisianthus have been studied in detail. AVIs occur predominantly in the adaxial epidermal cells and their presence is shown to have a major influence on flower colour by enhancing both intensity and blueness. The latter effect is especially dramatic in the carnation where the normally pink pelargonidin pigments produce a blue-grey colouration. In lisianthus, the presence of large AVIs produces marked colour intensification in the inner zone of the petal by concentrating anthocyanins above levels that would be possible in vacuolar solution. Electron microscopy studies on lisianthus epidermal tissue failed to detect a membrane boundary in AVI bodies. AVIs isolated from lisianthus cells are shown to have a protein matrix. Bound to this matrix are four cyanidin and delphinidin acylated 3,5-diglycosides (three, new to lisianthus), which are relatively minor anthocyanins in whole petal extracts where acylated delphinidin triglycosides predominate. Flavonol glycosides were not bound. A high level of anthocyanin structural specificity in this association is thus implied. The specificity and effectiveness of this anthocyanin "trapping" is confirmed by the presence in the surrounding vacuolar solution of only delphinidin triglycosides, accompanied by the full range of flavonol glycosides. "Trapped" anthocyanins are shown to differ from solution anthocyanins only in that they lack a terminal rhamnose on the 3-linked galactose. The results of this study define for the first time the substantial effect AVIs have on flower colour, and provide insights into their nature and their specificity as vacuolar anthocyanin traps.

  Eustoma grandiflorum; Dianthus caryophyllus; petal colour; anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions; anthocyanin; protein; trap

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11117881
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00246-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0151434
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: k.markham@irl.cri.nz
  Institutions: NZ Institute for Industrial Research and Development, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Crop and Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
  Methods: HPLC, microscopy, spectrophotometry
  
   
  
  Eustoma grandiflorum
  CSDB ID 66738 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: glycoside, flavonoid glycoside
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150943,IEDB_190606,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 12142
  Markham KR, Gould KS, Winefield CS, Mitchell KA, Bloor SJ, Boase MR "Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions - their nature and significance in flower colouration" - Phytochemistry 55(4) (2000) 327-336
  

  The petals of a number of flowers are shown to contain similar intensely coloured intravacuolar bodies referred to herein as anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). The AVIs in a blue-grey carnation and in purple lisianthus have been studied in detail. AVIs occur predominantly in the adaxial epidermal cells and their presence is shown to have a major influence on flower colour by enhancing both intensity and blueness. The latter effect is especially dramatic in the carnation where the normally pink pelargonidin pigments produce a blue-grey colouration. In lisianthus, the presence of large AVIs produces marked colour intensification in the inner zone of the petal by concentrating anthocyanins above levels that would be possible in vacuolar solution. Electron microscopy studies on lisianthus epidermal tissue failed to detect a membrane boundary in AVI bodies. AVIs isolated from lisianthus cells are shown to have a protein matrix. Bound to this matrix are four cyanidin and delphinidin acylated 3,5-diglycosides (three, new to lisianthus), which are relatively minor anthocyanins in whole petal extracts where acylated delphinidin triglycosides predominate. Flavonol glycosides were not bound. A high level of anthocyanin structural specificity in this association is thus implied. The specificity and effectiveness of this anthocyanin "trapping" is confirmed by the presence in the surrounding vacuolar solution of only delphinidin triglycosides, accompanied by the full range of flavonol glycosides. "Trapped" anthocyanins are shown to differ from solution anthocyanins only in that they lack a terminal rhamnose on the 3-linked galactose. The results of this study define for the first time the substantial effect AVIs have on flower colour, and provide insights into their nature and their specificity as vacuolar anthocyanin traps.

  Eustoma grandiflorum; Dianthus caryophyllus; petal colour; anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions; anthocyanin; protein; trap

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11117881
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00246-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0151434
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: k.markham@irl.cri.nz
  Institutions: NZ Institute for Industrial Research and Development, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Crop and Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
  Methods: HPLC, microscopy, spectrophotometry
  
   
  
  Eustoma grandiflorum
  CSDB ID 66740 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: glycoside, flavonoid glycoside
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_136044,IEDB_136105,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_150943,IEDB_190606,IEDB_225177,IEDB_885823,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88

• Article ID: 12142
  Markham KR, Gould KS, Winefield CS, Mitchell KA, Bloor SJ, Boase MR "Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions - their nature and significance in flower colouration" - Phytochemistry 55(4) (2000) 327-336
  

  The petals of a number of flowers are shown to contain similar intensely coloured intravacuolar bodies referred to herein as anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). The AVIs in a blue-grey carnation and in purple lisianthus have been studied in detail. AVIs occur predominantly in the adaxial epidermal cells and their presence is shown to have a major influence on flower colour by enhancing both intensity and blueness. The latter effect is especially dramatic in the carnation where the normally pink pelargonidin pigments produce a blue-grey colouration. In lisianthus, the presence of large AVIs produces marked colour intensification in the inner zone of the petal by concentrating anthocyanins above levels that would be possible in vacuolar solution. Electron microscopy studies on lisianthus epidermal tissue failed to detect a membrane boundary in AVI bodies. AVIs isolated from lisianthus cells are shown to have a protein matrix. Bound to this matrix are four cyanidin and delphinidin acylated 3,5-diglycosides (three, new to lisianthus), which are relatively minor anthocyanins in whole petal extracts where acylated delphinidin triglycosides predominate. Flavonol glycosides were not bound. A high level of anthocyanin structural specificity in this association is thus implied. The specificity and effectiveness of this anthocyanin "trapping" is confirmed by the presence in the surrounding vacuolar solution of only delphinidin triglycosides, accompanied by the full range of flavonol glycosides. "Trapped" anthocyanins are shown to differ from solution anthocyanins only in that they lack a terminal rhamnose on the 3-linked galactose. The results of this study define for the first time the substantial effect AVIs have on flower colour, and provide insights into their nature and their specificity as vacuolar anthocyanin traps.

  Eustoma grandiflorum; Dianthus caryophyllus; petal colour; anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions; anthocyanin; protein; trap

  NCBI PubMed ID: 11117881
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00246-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0151434
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: k.markham@irl.cri.nz
  Institutions: NZ Institute for Industrial Research and Development, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Crop and Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
  Methods: HPLC, microscopy, spectrophotometry
  
   
  
  Eustoma grandiflorum
  CSDB ID 66742 (all data & tools)