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Structure type: homopolymer
Trivial name: levan, levan-type polysaccharide
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 97
  Tambara Y, Hormaza JV, Perez C, Leon A, Arrieta J, Hernandez L "Structural analysis and optimised production of fructo-oligosaccharides by levansucrase from Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4" - Biotechnology Letters 21(2) (1999) 117-121
  

  Major fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) produced by levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10) from Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4 were characterised as 1-kestose and nystose by acid hydrolysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The highest yields of 1-kestose (481 mM; 241 g/l) and nystose (81 mM; 54 g/l) were achieved at initial sucrose concentration of 1754 mM (600 g/l), pH 5.5 and 40 C. The synthesized FOS reached 50% (w/w) of total sugars in the reaction mixture, with a conversion efficiency over 70% (w/w) based on the amount of sucrose converted to 1-kestose.

  oligosaccharide, structural, analysis, structural analysis, Oligosaccharides, production, 1-kestose, Acetobacter, Acetobacter diazotrophicus, fructo-oligosaccharides, levansucrase, LsdA

  Journal NLM ID: 8008051
  Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
  Correspondence: ipmlab@cigb.edu.cu
  Institutions: Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave 31 e/ 158 y 190, P.O. Box 6162, CP10600, Havana, Cuba, Cuban Institute of Sugar Research, Havana, Cuba, Havana University, Faculty of Chemistry, Havana, Cuba
  Methods: 13C NMR
  
   
  
  Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4
  CSDB ID 5423 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 232
  Fett WF, Wells JM, Cescutti P, Wijey C "Identification of exopolysaccharides produced by fluorescent pseudomonads associated with commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production" - Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 (1995) 513-517
  

  The acidic exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from 63 strains of mushroom production-associated fluorescent pseudomonads which were mucoid on Pseudomonas agar F medium (PAF) were isolated, partially purified, and characterized. The strains were originally isolated from discolored lesion which developed postharvest on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caps or from commercial lots of mushroom casing medium. An acidic galactoglucan, previously named marginalan, was produced by mucoid strains of the saprophyte Pseudomonas putida and the majority of mucoid strains of saprophytic P. fluorescens (biovars III and V) isolated from casing medium. One biovar II strain (J1) of P. fluorescens produced alginate, a copolymer of mannuronic and guluronic acids, and one strain (H13) produced an apparently unique EPS containing neutral and amino sugars. Of 10 strains of the pathogen "P. gingeri," the causal agent of mushroom ginger blotch, 8 gave mucoid growth on PAF. The "P. gingeri" EPS also was unique in containing both neutral sugar and glucuronic acid. Mucoid, weakly virulent strains of "P. reactans" produced either alginate or marginalan. All 10 strains of the pathogen P. tolaasii, the causal agent of brown blotch of mushrooms were nonnmucoid on PAF. Production of EPS by these 10 strains plus the 2 nonmucoid strains of "P. gingeri" also was negative on several additional solid media as well as in two broth media tested. The results support our previous studies indicating that fluorescent pseudomonads are a rich source of novel EPSs.

  identification, Pseudomonas, exopolysaccharide, exopolysaccharides, production, fluorescent, mushroom

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7574589
  Journal NLM ID: 7605801
  Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
  Institutions: Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsulvania 19118, USA, Departement of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  
   
  
  Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida
  CSDB ID 6826 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 761
  Cescutti P, Impallomeni G, Garozzo D, Sturiale L, Herasimenka Y, Lagatolla C, Rizzo R "Exopolysaccharides produced by a clinical strain of Burkholderia cepacia isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient" - Carbohydrate Research 338(23) (2003) 2687-2695
  

  Burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic pathogen involved in pulmonary infections related to cystic fibrosis. A clinical strain, BTS13, was isolated and the production of exopolysaccharides was tested growing the bacteria on two different media, one of which was rich in mannitol as carbon source. The primary structure of the polysaccharides was determined using mostly mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. On both media an exopolysaccharide having the following repeating unit was produced: →5)-β-Kdop-(2→3)-β-D-Galp2Ac-(1→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→. This polysaccharide has already been described as the biosynthetic product of another Burkholderia species, B. pseudomallei, the microbial agent causing melioidosis. In addition to this, when grown on the mannitol-rich medium, B. cepacia strain BTS13 produced another polysaccharide that was established to be levan: →6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→. The content of levan was about 20% (w/w) of the total amount of polymers. The ability of B. cepacia to produce these two exopolysaccharides opens new perspectives in the investigation of the role of polysaccharides in lung infections.

  Burkholderia cepacia, NMR spectroscopy, exopolysaccharide, cystic fibrosis, Structures, MALDIMS

  NCBI PubMed ID: 14670727
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: cescutti@bbcm.units.it
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Biochimica Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Universita` di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri, CNR, Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita` di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  Methods: NMR-2D, methylation, NMR, sugar analysis, MALDI-MS
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia BTS13
  CSDB ID 1312 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3696
  Harvey DJ "Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004" - Mass Spectrometry Reviews 28(2) (2009) 273-361
  

  This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted

  carbohydrates, glycosyltransferases, fragmentation, MALDI, glycolipids, glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycosidases, time-of-flight

  NCBI PubMed ID: 18825656
  Publication DOI: 10.1002/mas.2019
  Journal NLM ID: 8219702
  Publisher: Wiley
  Correspondence: david.harvey@bioch.ox.ac.uk
  Institutions: Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
  Methods: NMR, MALDI-TOF MS
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 24008 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4072
  Matulová M, Husarova S, Capek P, Sancelme M, Delort AM "NMR structural study of fructans produced by Bacillus sp. 3B6, bacterium isolated in cloud water" - Carbohydrate Research 346(4) (2011) 501-507
  

  Bacillus sp. 3B6, bacterium isolated from cloud water, was incubated on sucrose for exopolysaccharide production. Dialysis of the obtained mixture (MWCO 500) afforded dialyzate (DIM) and retentate (RIM). Both were separated by size exclusion chromatography. RIM afforded eight fractions: levan exopolysaccharide (EPS), fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) of levan and inulin types with different degrees of polymerization (dp 2-7) and monosaccharides fructose:glucose=9:1. Levan was composed of two components with molecular mass ~3500 and ~100kDa in the ratio 2.3:1. Disaccharide fraction contained difructose anhydride DFA IV. 1-Kestose, 6-kestose, and neokestose were identified as trisaccharides in the ratio 2:1:3. Fractions with dp 4-7 were mixtures of FOSs of levan (2,6-βFruf) and inulin (1,2-βFruf) type. DIM separation afforded two dominant fractions: monosaccharides with fructose: glucose ratio 1:3; disaccharide fraction contained sucrose only. DIM trisaccharide fraction contained 1-kestose, 6-kestose, and neokestose in the ratio1.5:1:2, penta and hexasaccharide fractions contained FOSs of levan type (2,6-βFruf) containing α-glucose. In the pentasaccharide fraction also the presence of a homopentasaccharide composed of 2,6-linked βFruf units only was identified. Nystose, inulin (1,2-βFruf) type, was identified as DIM tetrasaccharide. Identification of levan 2,6-βFruf and inulin 1,2-βFruf type oligosaccharides in the incubation medium suggests both levansucrase and inulosucrase enzymes activity in Bacillus sp. 3B6.

  Bacillus, inulin, levan, cloud water, FOSs, DFA IV

  NCBI PubMed ID: 21292244
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: Maria.Matulova@savba.sk
  Institutions: Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, TLC, ESI-MS, NMR-1D, dialysis
  
   
  
  Bacillus sp. 3B6
  CSDB ID 26285 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4113
  Sims IM, Frese SA, Walter J, Loach D, Wilson M, Appleyard K, Eason J, Livingston M, Baird M, Cook G, Tannock GW "Structure and functions of exopolysaccharide produced by gut commensal Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23" - The ISME Journal 5(7) (2011) 1115-1124
  

  Lactobacillus reuteri strain 100-23 together with a Lactobacillus-free mouse model, provides a system with which the molecular traits underpinning bacterial commensalism in vertebrates can be studied. A polysaccharide was extracted from sucrose-containing liquid cultures of strain 100-23. Chemical analysis showed that this exopolysaccharide was a levan (β-2, 6-linked fructan). Mutation of the fructosyl transferase (ftf) gene resulted in loss of exopolysaccharide production. The ftf mutant was able to colonise the murine gastrointestinal tract in the absence of competition, but colonisation was impaired in competition with the wild type. Biofilm formation by the mutant on the forestomach epithelial surface was not impaired and the matrix between cells was indistinguishable from that of the wild type in electron micrographs. Colonisation of the mouse gut by the wild-type strain led to increased proportions of regulatory T cells (Foxp3+) in the spleen, whereas colonisation by the ftf mutant did not. Survival of the mutant in sucrose-containing medium was markedly reduced relative to the wild type. Comparison of the genomic ftf loci of strain 100-23 with other L. reuteri strains suggested that the ftf gene was acquired by lateral gene transfer early in the evolution of the species and subsequently diversified at accelerated rates. Levan production by L. reuteri 100-23 may represent a function acquired by the bacterial species for life in moderate to high-sucrose extra-gastrointestinal environments that has subsequently been diverted to novel uses, including immunomodulation, that aid in colonisation of the murine gut.

  exopolysaccharide, evolution, survival, Lactobacillus reuteri, regulatory T cells

  NCBI PubMed ID: 21248858
  Publication DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2010.201
  Journal NLM ID: 101301086
  Publisher: London: Nature Publishing Group
  Institutions: Industrial Research Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GC-MS, chemical analysis, HPAEC, GC, biological assays, genetic methods
  
   
  
  Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23
  CSDB ID 26351 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4819
  Kodali S, Vinogradov E, Lin F, Khoury N, Hao L, Pavliak V, Jones CH, Laverde D, Huebner J, Jansen KU, Anderson AS, Donald RG "A Vaccine Approach for the Prevention of Infections by Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium" - Journal of Biological Chemistry 290(32) (2015) 19512-19526
  

  The incidence of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium hospital infections has been steadily increasing. With the goal of discovering new vaccine antigens, we systematically fractionated and purified four distinct surface carbohydrates from E. faecium endocarditis isolate Tx16, shown previously to be resistant to phagocytosis in the presence of human serum. The two most abundant polysaccharides consist of novel branched heteroglycan repeating units that include signature sugars altruronic acid and legionaminic acid, respectively. A minor high molecular weight polysaccharide component was recognized as the fructose homopolymer levan, and a glucosylated lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was identified in a micellar fraction. The polysaccharides were conjugated to the CRM197 carrier protein, and the resulting glycoconjugates were used to immunize rabbits. Rabbit immune sera were evaluated for their ability to kill Tx16 in opsonophagocytic assays and in a mouse passive protection infection model. Although antibodies raised against levan failed to mediate opsonophagocytic killing, the other glycoconjugates induced effective opsonic antibodies, with the altruronic acid-containing polysaccharide antisera showing the greatest opsonophagocytic assay activity. Antibodies directed against either novel heteroglycan or the LTA reduced bacterial load in mouse liver or kidney tissue. To assess antigen prevalence, we screened a diverse collection of blood isolates (n = 101) with antibodies to the polysaccharides. LTA was detected on the surface of 80% of the strains, and antigens recognized by antibodies to the two major heteroglycans were co-expressed on 63% of these clinical isolates. Collectively, these results represent the first steps toward identifying components of a glycoconjugate vaccine to prevent E. faecium infection.

  antigen, teichoic acid, vaccine, uronic acids, carbohydrate structure, glycoconjugate vaccine, Enterococcus faecium, sialic acids

  NCBI PubMed ID: 26109072
  Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M115.655852
  Journal NLM ID: 2985121R
  Publisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  Correspondence: robert.donald@pfizer.com
  Institutions: the National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and the Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80338 Munich, Germany, From Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York 10654
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, ELISA, ESI-MS, GC, biological assays, serological methods, UV, HPAEC-PAD, bioinformatic analysis, SEC, conjugatation, SEC-MALLS
  
   
  
  Enterococcus faecium Tx16
  CSDB ID 30718 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 4841
  Dolfi S, Sveronis A, Silipo A, Rizzo R, Cescutti P "A novel rhamno-mannan exopolysaccharide isolated from biofilms of Burkholderia multivorans C1576" - Carbohydrate Research 411 (2015) 42-48
  

  Burkholderia multivorans C1576 is a Gram negative opportunistic pathogen causing serious lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Considering that bacteria naturally form biofilms, and exopolysaccharides are recognized as important factors for biofilm architecture set-up, B. multivorans was grown both in biofilm and in non-biofilm mode on two different media in order to compare the exopolysaccharides biosynthesized in these different experimental conditions. The exopolysaccharides produced were purified and their structure was determined resorting mainly to NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The experimental data showed that both in biofilm and non-biofilm mode B. multivorans C1576 produced a novel exopolysaccharide having the following structure: [Formula: see text]. About 50% of the 2-linked rhamnose residues are substituted on C-3 with a methyl ether group. The high percentage of deoxysugar Rha units, coupled with OMe substitutions, suggest a possible role for polymer domains with marked hydrophobic characteristics able to create exopolysaccharide junction zones favouring the stability of the biofilm matrix.

  NMR, Exopolysaccharide structure, cystic fibrosis, Biofilm, Burkholderia multivorans C1576

  NCBI PubMed ID: 25974852
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.012
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: pcescutti@units.it
  Institutions: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy, Department of Life Sciences, Bldg C11, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, ESI-MS, GLC, de-O-acetylation, composition analysis, NMR-1D
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia complex
  CSDB ID 11156 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5002
  Ishida R, Sakaguchi K, Matsuzaki C, Katoh T, Ishida N, Yamamoto K, Hisa K "Levansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048 produces a levan exopolysaccharide with immunomodulating activity" - Biotechnology Letters 38(4) (2016) 681-687
  

  OBJECTIVES: A levansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048 was cloned and expressed and its enzymatic product was characterized. RESULTS: The fructansucrase gene from Leuconostoc mesenteroides was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified as a single protein and its properties investigated. The polymer produced by the recombinant enzyme was identified as levan by various means including TLC and NMRs, and the enzyme was identified as a GH68 levansucrase. The enzyme was optimal at pH 5.5-6 and 30 degrees C, and its activity was stimulated by Ca(2+). The levan produced by this strain induced IgA production in mice. CONCLUSION: Leuconostoc mesenteroides, a probiotic strain, possessed levansucrase which catalyzed the produced levan that had immunomodulating activity.

  levansucrase, levan, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Fructansucrase, IgA, Immunomodulating activity

  NCBI PubMed ID: 26960415
  Publication DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-2024-9
  Journal NLM ID: 8008051
  Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
  Correspondence: yamamotk@ishikawa-pu.ac.jp
  Institutions: Nitto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kamiueno, Muko, Kyoto, 617-0006, Japan, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, SDS-PAGE, DNA techniques, TLC, ELISA, HPAEC, biological assays, enzyme assay, cloning
  
   
  
  Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048
  CSDB ID 11912 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5100
  Djurić A, Gojgić-Cvijović G, Jakovljević D, Kekez B, Kojić JS, Mattinen ML, Harju IE, Vrvić MM, Beškoski VP "Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 104(A) (2017) 311-321
  

  Various microorganisms isolated from polluted environments, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp. can synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPSs) which are natural, non-toxic and biodegradable polymers. EPSs play a key role in protection of microbial cells under various external influences. For humans, these substances have potential use in many industries. EPSs can be applied as a flavor or a fragrance carrier, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a prebiotic, an antioxidant or an antitumor agent. In this study, we characterized an environmental microorganism that produces EPS, optimized EPS production by this strain and characterized the EPS produced. Isolate CH-KOV3 was identified as Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum. The sucrose level in the growth medium greatly influenced EPS production, and the highest yield was when the microorganism was incubated in media with 500 g/L, of sucrose. The optimal temperature and pH were 28 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results and GC MS analysis confirmed that the residues were D-fructofuranosyl residues with β-configuration, where fructose units are linked by β-2,6-glycosidic bonds, with β-2,1-linked branches. All these data indicate that the investigated EPS is a levan-type polysaccharide. Thus, it was concluded that Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 could constitute a new source for production of the bioactive polysaccharide, levan.

  exopolysaccharides, Polluted environments, Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28602989
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: adjuric@chem.bg.ac.rs
  Institutions: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16 P.O. Box 158, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, 11001 Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Serbia, Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Forest Products Technology Bioproduct Chemistry, Aalto, Finland, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Turku University Hospital, Finland
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, DNA techniques, TLC, acid hydrolysis, GC, MALDI-TOF MS, FTIR, composition analysis, genetic methods, GPC, viscosity measurement, optical rotation measurement, reductive cleavage, dialysis, planar chromatography
  
   
  
  Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3
  CSDB ID 12036 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 5143
  Cloutier M, Muru K, Ravicoularamin G, Gauthier C "Polysaccharides from Burkholderia species as targets for vaccine development, immunomodulation and chemical synthesis" - Natural Product Reports 35(12) (2018) 1251-1293
  

  Burkholderia species are a vast group of human pathogenic, phytopathogenic, and plant- or environment-associated bacteria. B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. cepacia complex are the causative agents of melioidosis, glanders, and cystic fibrosis-related infections, respectively, which are fatal diseases in humans and animals. Due to their high resistance to antibiotics, high mortality rates, and increased infectivity via the respiratory tract, B. pseudomallei and B. mallei have been listed as potential bioterrorism agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burkholderia species are able to produce a large network of surface-exposed polysaccharides, i.e., lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and exopolysaccharides, which are virulence factors, immunomodulators, major biofilm components, and protective antigens, and have crucial implications in the pathogenicity of Burkholderia-associated diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account regarding the structural elucidation and biological activities of surface polysaccharides produced by Burkholderia species. The chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides mimicking Burkholderia polysaccharides is described in detail. Emphasis is placed on the recent research efforts toward the development of glycoconjugate vaccines against melioidosis and glanders based on synthetic or native Burkholderia oligo/polysaccharides.

  lipopolysaccharides, Burkholderia, capsular polysaccharides, Oligosaccharides, glycoconjugate vaccines, antigens, exopolysaccharides, surface polysaccharide, virulence factor, Biofilm, chemical synthesis, bioterrorism

  Publication DOI: 10.1039/C8NP00046H
  Journal NLM ID: 8502408
  Publisher: London: Royal Society of Chemistry
  Correspondence: charles.gauthier@iaf.inrs.ca
  Institutions: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universite du Quebec, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Canada
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia
  CSDB ID 12480 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6071
  Iftikhar R, Ansari A, Siddiqui NN, Hussain F, Aman A "Structural elucidation and cytotoxic analysis of a fructan based biopolymer produced extracellularly by Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14" - Carbohydrate Research 499 (2021) 108223
  

  Fructan based biopolymers have been extensively characterized and explored for their potential applications. Linear chained biopolymers, like levan-type fructan, have gained attention because they have exhibited unconventional stretchable and unbendable properties along with biodegradable and biocompatible nature. Current study deals with the chemical characterization and cytotoxic analysis of fructose based exopolysaccharide that was extracellularly produced by an indigenously isolated bacterial species (Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14). Maximum yield of exopolysaccharide (44.7 gL-1) was attained after 72 h of incubation at 30 °C under shaking conditions (180 rpm) when the culture medium was supplemented with 150.0 gL-1 of sucrose as a sole carbon source. This exopolysaccharide displayed high water solubility index (96.0%) with low water holding capacity (17.0%) and an intrinsic viscosity of about 0.447 dL g-1. This biopolymer exhibited a characteristic linear homopolysaccharide structure of levan when characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 13C, TOCSY and NOESY) while, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed its pointed and thorny structure. The decomposition temperature of levan was approximately 245 °C as revealed by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results revealed its amorphous nature with crystalline phase. Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of levan was investigated against mouse fibroblast cell lines by measuring their cellular metabolic activity and it was noticed that a higher concentration of levan (2.0 mg ml-1) permitted the normal cell growth of NIH/3T3 cell lines. This non-cytotoxic and biocompatible nature suggests that this levan has the capability to be utilized in food and drug-based formulations as it exhibited biomedical potential.

  exopolysaccharide, cytotoxicity, levan, chemical characterization, NIH/3T3 cell line

  NCBI PubMed ID: 33342516
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108223
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: A. Aman
  Institutions: The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakista, Department of Materials Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology (NEDUET), Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, X-ray, sugar analysis, FTIR, viscosity measurement, SEM, AFM, emulsifying activity determination, TGA, WSI, WHC, cytotoxic analysis
  
   
  
  Zymomonas mobilis KIBGE-IB14
  CSDB ID 10866 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: water-soluble polysaccharide
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 1282
  Tajima K, Uenishi N, Fujiwara M, Erata T, Munekata M, Takai M "The production of a new water-soluble polysaccharide by Acetobacter xylinum NCI 1005 and its structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy" - Carbohydrate Research 305(1) (1997) 117-122
  

  A new water-soluble polysaccharide (WSP) was isolated from a culture of Acetobacter xylinum NCI 1005 grown on sucrose. The structure of the WSP was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and determined to be a β-(2→6)-linked polyfructan, which is structurally different from the polymer synthesized from glucose instead of sucrose by the same strain. The discovery of this new polysaccharide has revealed that the bacterium is able to synthesize two different kinds of water-soluble polysaccharides.

  NMR, structural, polysaccharide, analysis, structural analysis, NMR spectroscopy, production, spectroscopy, Acetobacter, Acetobacter xylinum, fructan

  NCBI PubMed ID: 9534231
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: tajima+AEA-moby.hokudai.ac.jp
  Institutions: Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan.
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, NMR, acid hydrolysis
  
   
  
  Acetobacter xylinum NCI 1005
  CSDB ID 4987 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 3397
  Herasimenka Y, Cescutti P, Impallomeni G, Campana S, Taccetti G, Ravenni N, Zanetti F, Rizzo R "Exopolysaccharides produced by clinical strains belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex" - Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 6(2) (2007) 145-152
  

  BACKGROUND: In the frame of a research line dedicated to better clarify the role of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in bacterial virulence, EPS produced by species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), namely Burkholderia multivorans, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and a Bcc member of undetermined genomovar, all isolated at the Cystic Fibrosis Regional Centre of Florence (Italy), were investigated for they structural properties. METHODS: Three strains of B. multivorans, three of B. cenocepacia and one of a Bcc member of undetermined genomovar were isolated from CF patients. The reference strains C1576 and J2315, for genomovar II and III, respectively, were included in the study. The bacteria were grown on solid media, the exopolysaccharides produced were purified, and their structures were determined. In addition, sugar analysis of sputum samples was accomplished to search for EPS produced in vivo. RESULTS: Six strains out of seven produced the exopolysaccharide cepacian, while one strain of B. multivorans produced a completely different polymer, previously known in the literature as PS1. Two strains synthesised very small amounts of EPS. No definitive evidence for the presence of cepacian in sputum samples was found. CONCLUSIONS: Most strains examined produced abundant amounts of polysaccharides. Cepacian was the most common EPS isolated and its production was not associated to a particular genomovar

  structure, exopolysaccharide, cystic fibrosis, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Sputum samples

  NCBI PubMed ID: 16860003
  Journal NLM ID: 101128966
  Publisher: Elsevier for the European Cystic Fibrosis Society
  Correspondence: cescutti@bbcm.units.it
  Institutions: Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Universita di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GLC-MS, GC-MS, ESI-MS, GLC, composition analysis, NMR-1D, serological methods, genetic methods, acid degradation
  
   
  
  Burkholderia cepacia complex
  CSDB ID 21954 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: levan
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 232
  Fett WF, Wells JM, Cescutti P, Wijey C "Identification of exopolysaccharides produced by fluorescent pseudomonads associated with commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production" - Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 (1995) 513-517
  

  The acidic exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from 63 strains of mushroom production-associated fluorescent pseudomonads which were mucoid on Pseudomonas agar F medium (PAF) were isolated, partially purified, and characterized. The strains were originally isolated from discolored lesion which developed postharvest on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caps or from commercial lots of mushroom casing medium. An acidic galactoglucan, previously named marginalan, was produced by mucoid strains of the saprophyte Pseudomonas putida and the majority of mucoid strains of saprophytic P. fluorescens (biovars III and V) isolated from casing medium. One biovar II strain (J1) of P. fluorescens produced alginate, a copolymer of mannuronic and guluronic acids, and one strain (H13) produced an apparently unique EPS containing neutral and amino sugars. Of 10 strains of the pathogen "P. gingeri," the causal agent of mushroom ginger blotch, 8 gave mucoid growth on PAF. The "P. gingeri" EPS also was unique in containing both neutral sugar and glucuronic acid. Mucoid, weakly virulent strains of "P. reactans" produced either alginate or marginalan. All 10 strains of the pathogen P. tolaasii, the causal agent of brown blotch of mushrooms were nonnmucoid on PAF. Production of EPS by these 10 strains plus the 2 nonmucoid strains of "P. gingeri" also was negative on several additional solid media as well as in two broth media tested. The results support our previous studies indicating that fluorescent pseudomonads are a rich source of novel EPSs.

  identification, Pseudomonas, exopolysaccharide, exopolysaccharides, production, fluorescent, mushroom

  NCBI PubMed ID: 7574589
  Journal NLM ID: 7605801
  Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
  Institutions: Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsulvania 19118, USA, Departement of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  
   
  
  Pseudomonas fluorescens
  CSDB ID 104005 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: levan
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_164059,IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 1937
  Kasapis S, Morris ER, Gross M, Rudolph K "Solution properties of levan polysaccharide from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, and its possible primary role as a blocker of recognition during pathogenesis" - Carbohydrate Polymers 23(1) (1994) 55-64
  

  Bacterial levan, a highly branched, high molecular weight polymer of fructose, was purified from culture supernatants of Pseudomonas syringaepv.phaseolicola grown in a liquid high-sucrose medium, and the predominance of β-(2 → 6) linkages was confirmed by 13C NMR. The solution properties of this material resembled those of disordered linear polysaccharides in the response to low-amplitude oscillatory shear (frequency dependence of G′ and G″); the absence of any detectable conformational change with temperature (as monitored by optical rotation); close superposition of steady-shear viscosity (η) and complex dynamic viscosity (gh*) at equivalent values of shear-rate (γs-1) and frequency (ωrad s-1); a similar form of shear-thinning (giving linear plots of η versus ηγ0.76); and the onset of semi-dilute behaviour at a closely comparable degree of space-occupancy (c[η] ≈ 3·6). The intrinsic viscosity, however, was unusually low ([η] ≈ 0·17 dl g−1) and the concentration dependence of ‘zero-shear’ viscosity in the semi-dilute regime unusually high (η0 ∼ c9·3), as anticipated from the densely packed, branched molecular structure. Solutions of levan and pectin, matched to approximately the same initial viscosity, showed a substantial reduction in viscosity when mixed. Similar behaviour was observed for mixed solutions of levan with locust bean gum (LBG), chosen for its structural similarity to cellulose and hemicelluloses of the plant cell wall. Viscosity reduction was eliminated at low concentrations (indicating that it does not arise from heterologous association), but became very pronounced at high concentrations, and was then accompanied by resolution into levan-rich and LBG-rich solution phases. This evidence of strong thermodynamic incompatibility and exclusion behaviour with (1 → 4)-linked plant polysaccharides suggests that the primary role of levan during pathogenesis may be as a barrier to intimate morphological contact (recognition) between plant cell walls and those of the parasite, thus inhibiting initiation of a hypersensitive response by the host.

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(94)90090-6
  Journal NLM ID: 8307156
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Food Research and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe College, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT, UK, Institut für Pflanzenpathologie und Pflanzenschutz der Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstr.6, D-3400 Göttingen, Germany
  Methods: optical rotation measurement, rheological measurements, chiroptical measurements, viscosity measurements
  
   
  
  Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola
  CSDB ID 112986 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_164059,IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 2693
  Tanaka K, Karigane T, Yamaguchi F "Isolation of levanoligosaccharides from a partial acid hydrolyzate of levan by cellulose column chromatography" - Journal of Chromatography 265 (1983) 374-377
  

  no abstract

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96736-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0427043
  Publisher: Amsterdam: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Biology, Osaka Kyoiku University, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Osaka 543 Japan
  Methods: TLC, acid hydrolysis, carbon-celite column chromatography
  
   
  
  Bacillus mesentericus
  CSDB ID 138732 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_164059,IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 2693
  Tanaka K, Karigane T, Yamaguchi F "Isolation of levanoligosaccharides from a partial acid hydrolyzate of levan by cellulose column chromatography" - Journal of Chromatography 265 (1983) 374-377
  

  no abstract

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96736-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0427043
  Publisher: Amsterdam: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Biology, Osaka Kyoiku University, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Osaka 543 Japan
  Methods: TLC, acid hydrolysis, carbon-celite column chromatography
  
   
  
  Bacillus mesentericus
  CSDB ID 138733 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_164059,IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 2693
  Tanaka K, Karigane T, Yamaguchi F "Isolation of levanoligosaccharides from a partial acid hydrolyzate of levan by cellulose column chromatography" - Journal of Chromatography 265 (1983) 374-377
  

  no abstract

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96736-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0427043
  Publisher: Amsterdam: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Biology, Osaka Kyoiku University, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Osaka 543 Japan
  Methods: TLC, acid hydrolysis, carbon-celite column chromatography
  
   
  
  Bacillus mesentericus
  CSDB ID 138734 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: oligomer
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_164059,IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 2693
  Tanaka K, Karigane T, Yamaguchi F "Isolation of levanoligosaccharides from a partial acid hydrolyzate of levan by cellulose column chromatography" - Journal of Chromatography 265 (1983) 374-377
  

  no abstract

  Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96736-6
  Journal NLM ID: 0427043
  Publisher: Amsterdam: Elsevier
  Institutions: Department of Biology, Osaka Kyoiku University, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Osaka 543 Japan
  Methods: TLC, acid hydrolysis, carbon-celite column chromatography
  
   
  
  Bacillus mesentericus
  CSDB ID 138735 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: levan
Compound class: EPS, CPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 4349
  Mann EE, Wozniak DJ "Pseudomonas biofilm matrix composition and niche biology" - FEMS Microbiology Reviews 36(4) (2012) 893-916
  

  Biofilms are a predominant form of growth for bacteria in the environment and in the clinic. Critical for biofilm development are adherence, proliferation, and dispersion phases. Each of these stages includes reinforcement by, or modulation of, the extracellular matrix. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been a model organism for the study of biofilm formation. Additionally, other Pseudomonas species utilize biofilm formation during plant colonization and environmental persistence. Pseudomonads produce several biofilm matrix molecules, including polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. Accessory matrix components shown to aid biofilm formation and adaptability under varying conditions are also produced by pseudomonads. Adaptation facilitated by biofilm formation allows for selection of genetic variants with unique and distinguishable colony morphology. Examples include rugose small-colony variants and wrinkly spreaders (WS), which over produce Psl/Pel or cellulose, respectively, and mucoid bacteria that over produce alginate. The well-documented emergence of these variants suggests that pseudomonads take advantage of matrix-building subpopulations conferring specific benefits for the entire population. This review will focus on various polysaccharides as well as additional Pseudomonas biofilm matrix components. Discussions will center on structure-function relationships, regulation, and the role of individual matrix molecules in niche biology.

  polysaccharide, alginate, levan, eDNA, Psl, Pel

  NCBI PubMed ID: 22212072
  Publication DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00322.x
  Journal NLM ID: 8902526
  Publisher: Oxford University Press
  Correspondence: daniel.wozniak@osumc.edu
  Institutions: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
  
   
  
  Pseudomonas
  CSDB ID 31085 (all data & tools)
• Article ID: 6055
  Gan L, Jiang G, Li X, Zhang S, Tian Y, Peng B "Structural elucidation and physicochemical characteristics of a novel high-molecular-weight fructan from halotolerant Bacillus sp. SCU-E108" - Food Chemistry 365 (2021) 130496
  

  An exopolysaccharide, EPS-B108, was isolated from the fermented broth (with a yield of 11.3 g/L) of halotolerant Bacillus sp. SCU-E108 by ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography, and well characterized by means of physical, chemical and spectral techniques. Data indicated that EPS-B108 was composed solely of fructose with a high molecular weight of 3.578 × 107 g/mol, and contained a β-(2→6)-linked d-Fruf backbone with a single β-d-Fruf at C-1 position. An irregular saccular- or cake-like shape was observed under the enlarged view. It showed no acute oral toxicity in mice, and had good thermal stability (242 °C), solubility in water (91.3%) and oil-holding capacity (1717.0%). Steady-shear flow and dynamical viscoelasticity of aqueous EPS-B108 solutions varied with the polymer concentration, shear rate and temperature, and were described by the Power-law model. Together, these findings support the further application of EPS-B108 as an alternative source of functional food additives and ingredients.

  structure, exopolysaccharide, function, Rheology, Bacillus sp., levan

  NCBI PubMed ID: 34237575
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130496
  Journal NLM ID: 7702639
  Publisher: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
  Correspondence: yqtian@scu.edu.cn; pengbiyu@scu.edu.cn
  Institutions: College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China, Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, PR China
  Methods: gel filtration, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GC-MS, X-ray, TLC, FTIR, composition analysis, HPSEC-MALLS, UV, HPAEC-PAD, statistical analysis, rheological study, SEM, emulsifying activity determination
  
   
  
  Bacillus sp. SCU-E108
  CSDB ID 10849 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: homopolymer ; 1946000
Trivial name: β-D-2,6-levan
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 4964
  Yu X, Li L, Zhang J, Shen Z, Zhu C, Wang P, Jiang X "Structural analysis of macromolecular levan produced by Bacillus megaterium GJT321 based on enzymatic method" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2016) 1080-1089
  

  Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by Bacillus megaterium GJT321 was isolated from fermentation broth and further purified by gel filtration chromatography. The molecular weight of EPS was estimated as 1946kDa by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), so this EPS was determined as macromolecular polysaccharide. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) showed that the kind of heterocyclic compound composing EPS was furanose. The structural characteristics of EPS were investigated by means of enzymatic method, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and NMR spectra analysis. The structure elucidation of the EPS was accomplished, and it was β-(2,6)-D-fructofuranose, namely levan.

  structural analysis, engineering, marine, levan, Bacillus megaterium

  NCBI PubMed ID: 27670726
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.086
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: X. Jiang
  Institutions: Medical School, Huanghe Science & Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450063, PR China, Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, 23 Hongkong East Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, enzymatic hydrolysis, ESI-MS, acid hydrolysis, chemical methods, FTIR, HPLC, GPC
  
   
  
  Bacillus megaterium GJT321
  CSDB ID 11393 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure
Trivial name: b-(2-6)-fructan
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 5025
  Matsuzaki C, Takagaki C, Tomabechi Y, Forsberg LS, Heiss C, Azadi P, Matsumoto K, Katoh T, Hosomi K, Kunisawa J, Yamamoto K, Hisa K "Structural characterization of the immunostimulatory exopolysaccharide produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain NTM048" - Carbohydrate Research 448 (2017) 95-102
  

  The exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides strain NTM048 has been reported to be an immunostimulant that enhances mucosal IgA production. In this study, we found that intranasal administration of mice with the EPS and an antigen (ovalbumin) resulted in secretion of antigen-specific IgA and IgG in the airway mucosa and the serum, suggesting that the EPS has the adjuvant activity for use with mucosal vaccination. Methylation analysis coupled to GC-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy revealed that 94% of the EPS consists of an α-(1→6) glucan containing 4% of 1→3-linked α-glucose branches. To determine structures of minor components, we enzymatically digested the glucan with dextranase and used 2D NMR spectroscopy to identify the remaining polymer as a fructan (or fructans), containing both β-(2→6)- and β-(2→1)-linked fructofuranose residues. These residues may either enter into separate polymers of each linkage type or form a mixed fructan containing both linkage types.

  NMR, structural analysis, exopolysaccharide, biotechnology, vaccine, adjuvant, Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28633071
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.06.004
  Journal NLM ID: 0043535
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: chiaki@ishikawa-pu.ac.jp
  Institutions: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan, Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan, Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, Nitto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kamiueno, Muko, Kyoto 617-0006, Japan
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GC-MS, sugar analysis, ELISA, acid hydrolysis, biological assays, enzymatic digestion, SEC
  
   
  
  Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides NTM048
  CSDB ID 12185 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: polymer biological repeating unit
Trivial name: levan-type polysaccharide
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 5100
  Djurić A, Gojgić-Cvijović G, Jakovljević D, Kekez B, Kojić JS, Mattinen ML, Harju IE, Vrvić MM, Beškoski VP "Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan" - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 104(A) (2017) 311-321
  

  Various microorganisms isolated from polluted environments, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp. can synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPSs) which are natural, non-toxic and biodegradable polymers. EPSs play a key role in protection of microbial cells under various external influences. For humans, these substances have potential use in many industries. EPSs can be applied as a flavor or a fragrance carrier, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a prebiotic, an antioxidant or an antitumor agent. In this study, we characterized an environmental microorganism that produces EPS, optimized EPS production by this strain and characterized the EPS produced. Isolate CH-KOV3 was identified as Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum. The sucrose level in the growth medium greatly influenced EPS production, and the highest yield was when the microorganism was incubated in media with 500 g/L, of sucrose. The optimal temperature and pH were 28 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results and GC MS analysis confirmed that the residues were D-fructofuranosyl residues with β-configuration, where fructose units are linked by β-2,6-glycosidic bonds, with β-2,1-linked branches. All these data indicate that the investigated EPS is a levan-type polysaccharide. Thus, it was concluded that Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 could constitute a new source for production of the bioactive polysaccharide, levan.

  exopolysaccharides, Polluted environments, Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum

  NCBI PubMed ID: 28602989
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034
  Journal NLM ID: 7909578
  Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  Correspondence: adjuric@chem.bg.ac.rs
  Institutions: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16 P.O. Box 158, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, 11001 Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Serbia, Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Forest Products Technology Bioproduct Chemistry, Aalto, Finland, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Turku University Hospital, Finland
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, GC-MS, DNA techniques, TLC, acid hydrolysis, GC, MALDI-TOF MS, FTIR, composition analysis, genetic methods, GPC, viscosity measurement, optical rotation measurement, reductive cleavage, dialysis, planar chromatography
  
   
  
  Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3
  CSDB ID 12428 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 3000000
Trivial name: levan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 5253
  Vijayendra SV, Shamala TR "Film forming microbial biopolymers for commercial applications-A review" - Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 34(4) (2014) 338-357
  

  Microorganisms synthesize intracellular, structural and extracellular polymers also referred to as biopolymers for their function and survival. These biopolymers play specific roles as energy reserve materials, protective agents, aid in cell functioning, the establishment of symbiosis, osmotic adaptation and support the microbial genera to function, adapt, multiply and survive efficiently under changing environmental conditions. Viscosifying, gelling and film forming properties of these have been exploited for specific significant applications in food and allied industries. Intensive research activities and recent achievements in relevant and important research fields of global interest regarding film forming microbial biopolymers is the subject of this review. Microbial polymers such as pullulan, kefiran, bacterial cellulose (BC), gellan and levan are placed under the category of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and have several other functional properties including film formation, which can be used for various applications in food and allied industries. In addition to EPS, innumerable bacterial genera are found to synthesis carbon energy reserves in their cells known as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), microbial polyesters, which can be extruded into films with excellent moisture and oxygen barrier properties. Blow moldable biopolymers like PHA along with polylactic acid (PLA) synthesized chemically in vitro using lactic acid (LA), which is produced by LA bacteria through fermentation, are projected as biodegradable polymers of the future for packaging applications. Designing and creating of new property based on requirements through controlled synthesis can lead to improvement in properties of existing polysaccharides and create novel biopolymers of great commercial interest and value for wider applications. Incorporation of antimicrobials such as bacteriocins or silver and copper nanoparticles can enhance the functionality of polymer films especially in food packaging applications either in the form of coatings or wrappings. Use of EPS in combinations to obtain desired properties can be evaluated to increase the application range. Controlled release of active compounds, bioactive protection and resistance to water can be investigated while developing new technologies to improve the film properties of active packaging and coatings. An holistic approach may be adopted in developing an economical and biodegradable packaging material with acceptable properties. An interdisciplinary approach with new innovations can lead to the development of new composites of these biopolymers to enhance the application range. This current review focuses on linking and consolidation of recent research activities on the production and applications of film forming microbial polymers like EPS, PHA and PLA for commercial applications. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.

  exopolysaccharides, fermentation, antimicrobial films, biodegradable, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid

  NCBI PubMed ID: 23919238
  Publication DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.798254
  Journal NLM ID: 8505177
  Publisher: CRC Press
  Correspondence: Vijayendra SV ; Vijayendra SV
  Institutions: Food Microbiology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (A constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), Mysore, Karnataka, India
  
   
  
  Bacillus polymyxa, Halomonas sp. AAD6, Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F, Lactobacillus reuteri LB 121, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis LTH 2590, Microbacterium laevaniformans, Pseudomonas, Rahnella, Streptococcus, Zymomonas mobilis
  CSDB ID 46513 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: structural motif or average structure ; 28260
Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, fructan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 5285
  Liu C, Lu J, Lu L, Liu Y, Wang F, Xiao M "Isolation, structural characterization and immunological activity of an exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1" - Bioresource Technology 101(14) (2010) 5528-5533
  

  A strain of Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1 with high exopolysaccharide (EPS) production ability was isolated and identified based on morphological and physiological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. A new type of EPS was isolated from the strain fermentation broth by enzymolysis, isopropanol precipitation, anion-exchange, and gel-filtration chromatography. The new EPS was determined as homogeneous, with a molecular weight of 28260, as determined by High-Performance Size-Exclusion Chromatography Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering analysis. Its structural characteristics were investigated and elucidated by methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Based on obtained data, the EPS was found to be a levan containing a (2→6)-linked backbone with a single β-d-fructose at the C-1 position every seven residue, on average, along the main chain. Preliminary in vitro tests revealed that EPS could significantly stimulate the proliferation of spleen lymphocyte.

  structure, exopolysaccharide, immunological activity, Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1

  NCBI PubMed ID: 20199860
  Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.151
  Journal NLM ID: 9889523
  Publisher: Elsevier
  Correspondence: minxiao@sdu.edu.cn
  Institutions: National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China, School of Life Sciences, Fuyang Teachers College, Fuyang, China
  Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GLC-MS, TLC, ELISA, acid hydrolysis, GLC, FTIR, HPSEC-MALLS, UV, extraction, elemental analysis, column chromatography, immunological assays, precipitation, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, derivatization, m-hydroxydiphenyl colorimetric method, Gerwig method, Bradford method
  
   
  
  Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1
  CSDB ID 43999 (all data & tools)

Show legend Show as text

Structure type: homopolymer ; 2000000
Trivial name: levan
Compound class: O-polysaccharide, fructan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_923066

• Article ID: 5295
  Han YW, Clarke MA "Production and characterization of microbial levan" - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38(2) (1990) 393-396
  

  A levan-producing bacterium was isolated from soil. Cultural and physiological characteristics of the isolate identified the organism as a strain of Bacillus polymyxa. The organism's characteristics for polysaccharide synthesis were studied. The bacterium produced polysaccharide in high yield when grown on sucrose solution. Hydrolysis and subsequent analysis showed the product to consist entirely of D-fructose. 13C NMR and methylation analyses indicated the product to be a β(2→6)-linked polymer of fructose, with 12% branching. The polysaccharide has a molecular weight of about 2 million and is readily soluble in water.

  production, sucrose, levan, Bacillus polymyxa

  Publication DOI: 10.1021/jf00092a011
  Journal NLM ID: 0374755
  Publisher: American Chemical Society
  Institutions: Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, New Orleans, USA, Sugar Processing Research Inc., New Orleans, USA
  Methods: 13C NMR, GLC, HPLC, extraction, optical rotation measurement, column chromatography, cell growth, ethanol precipitation
  
   
  
  Bacillus polymyxa NRRL B-18475
  CSDB ID 44256 (all data & tools)