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1. Compound ID: 944
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Suc-(1-6)-+
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Pyr-(2-6:2-4)-b-Glcp-(1-3)-b-Glcp-(1-3)-b-Glcp-(1-6)-b-Glcp-(1-6)-+
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-4)-b-Glcp-(1-4)-b-Glcp6Ac-(1-4)-b-Glcp-(1-3)-b-Galp-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 286
Keller M, Roxlau A, Weng WM, Schmidt M, Quandt J, Niehaus K, Jording D, Arnold W, Puhler A "Molecular analysis of the Rhizobium meliloti mucR gene regulating the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharides succinoglycan and galactoglucan" -
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 8 (1995) 267-277
The Rhizobium meliloti Tn5 mutant Rm3131, producing galactoglucan (EPS II) instead of succinoglycan (EPS I), was complemented by a 3.6-kb EcoRI-fragment of the Rhizobium meliloti genome. Sequencing of this fragment revealed six open reading frames (ORFs). The ORF found to be affected in the mutant Rm3131 codes for a putative protein of 15.7 kDa and forms a monocistronic transcriptional unit. Further genetic analysis revealed that the gene mutated in Rm3131 is identical to the previously described R. meliloti mucR gene (H. Zhan, S.B. Levery, C. C. Lee, and J.A. Leigh, 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3055-3059). By hybridization it was shown that a mucR homologous gene is present in several rhizobacteria. The deduced amino acid sequence of MucR showed nearly 80% identity to the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ros protein, a negative regulator of vir genes and necessary for succinoglycan production. MucR contains like Ros a putative zinc finger sequence of the C2H2 type. Transcriptional fusions of genes for EPS I and EPS II synthesis, the so-called exo and exp genes, with the marker gene lacZ were used to delineate the role of mucR for exo and exp gene expression. It was found that exp genes are negatively regulated by MucR on the transcriptional level, whereas a posttranscriptional regulation by MucR is assumed for exo genes. Furthermore, mucR is negatively regulating its own transcription.
symbiosis, exopolysaccharide synthesis, gene regulation
NCBI PubMed ID: 7756693Publication DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-8-0267Journal NLM ID: 9107902Institutions: Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany
Methods: 13C NMR, DNA sequencing, DNA techniques, genetic methods, enzyme assay
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2. Compound ID: 1102
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan
Compound class: CPS, cell wall polysaccharide, glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_192
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 330
Monteiro MA, Slavic D, St-Michael F, Brisson J, MacIinnes JI, Perry MB "The first description of a (1→6)-β-D-glucan in prokaryotes: (1→6)-β-D-glucan is a common component of Actinobacillus suis and is the basis for a serotyping system" -
Carbohydrate Research 329(1) (2000) 121-130
The chemical and antigenic properties of the cell-surface lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of seven representative strains of Actinobacillus suis from healthy and diseased pigs were investigated. Four strains produced a linear (1→6)-β-D-glucan homopolymer, β-D-Glcp-(1-[→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1-]n →, as a LPS-O-chain (O1) and as a CPS (K1). Polyclonal antisera prepared against a (1→6)-β-D-glucan-containing strain showed a positive reaction against both LPSs and CPSs derived from the above strains (designated serotype O1/K1). One strain carried the (1→6)-β-D-glucan solely as a LPS-O-chain (serotype O1) and two strains did not express the (1→6)-β-D-glucan, but, instead, produced a different O-chain (designated serotype 02); these three strains expressed their own characteristic CPSs. (1→6)-β-D-Glucan structures are common cell wall components of yeast, fungi and lichens, but, to our knowledge, this is the first time a (1→6)-β-D-glucan has been described in a prokaryotic organism. Conformational and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that the β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-β-D-Glcp linkage was flexible and two distinct glycosidic conformers are described. Cross-reactive antibodies to the A. suis (1→6)-β-D-glucan could be detected in sera from a variety of species and in sera from specific pathogen free pigs. This cross-reactivity may arise from immuno-stimulation of organisms present in the surrounding environment that contain (1→6)-β-D-glucan, which may also explain the high incidence of false positive results in previous serological tests for A. suis. In addition, these (1→6)-β-D-glucan background antibodies may be protective against A. suis infection. The characterization herein of (1→6)-β-D-glucan is the foundation for the development of a serotyping system for A. suis.
Lipopolysaccharide, capsule, Actinobacillus suis, serotyping system, (1-6)-b-D-Glucan
NCBI PubMed ID: 11086692Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: mario.monteiro@nrc.ca
Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Dri6e, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0R6, Department of Pathobiology, Uni6ersity of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W 1
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, SDS-PAGE, sugar analysis, conformation analysis, GLC
- Article ID: 381
Slavic D, Toffner TL, Monteiro MA, Perry MB, MacIinnes JI "Prevalence of O1/K1- and O2/K3-reactive Actinobacillus suis in healthy and diseased swine" -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38(10) (2000) 3759-3762
A cell surface antigen-typing system was devised for the swine pathogen Actinobacillus suis and used to examine the prevalence of different lipopolysaccharide (O) types in healthy and diseased pigs. The strains examined in this study were isolated from a variety of locations in Canada and from Kansas. Lipopolysaccharide preparations of 151 isolates of A. suis were characterized by immunoblotting using polyclonal antisera generated to strains SO4 (O1/K1), H89-1173 (O2/K3), and VSB 3714, a rough strain. Approximately 54% (62 of 114) of A. suis isolates from diseased pigs, all (11 of 11) isolates from healthy pigs, and all (4 of 4) reference strains reacted with O1/K1 antiserum. More than 80% (18 of 22) of A. suis strains used for bacterin production and approximately 41% (47 of 114) of isolates from diseased pigs bound O2/K3 antiserum. One isolate appeared to be rough, and five were untypeable. O1/K1- and O2/K3-reactive strains were equally prevalent in Kansas, whereas O2/K3-reactive strains were more common in Quebec and western Canada and O1/K1 strains were most common in Ontario. The fact that virtually all of the strains submitted for bacterin production were O2/K3-reactive strains is consistent with the notion that these strains may be more virulent than O1/K1 strains; alternatively, this may reflect geographic or other biases. In addition, we observed cross-reactivity between A. suis cell surface antigens and swine antisera to several other important pathogens. This finding may explain why previous attempts to develop a simple serodiagnostic test for A. suis have been unsuccessful.
serotype, Actinobacillus suis, Actinobacillus, Prevalence
NCBI PubMed ID: 11015398Journal NLM ID: 7505564Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Correspondence: macinnes@uoguelph.ca
Institutions: Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
Methods: serological methods
- Article ID: 6823
Latge JP, Mouyna I, Tekaia F, Beauvais A, Debeaupuis JP, Nierman W "Specific molecular features in the organization and biosynthesis of the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus" -
Medical Mycology (2005) S15-S22
The cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus is composed of a branched PI,3 glucan covalently bound to chitin, beta 1,3, beta 1,4 glucans, and galactomannan, that is embedded in an amorphous cement composed of alpha 1,3 glucan, galactomannan and polygalactosamin. The mycelial cell wall of A. fumigatus is very different from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall, and in particular lacks 01,6 glucans and proteins covalently bound to cell wall polysaccharides. The differences in cell wall composition between the mould A. fumigatus and the yeast S. cerevisiae are also reflected at the genomic level where unique features have been identified in A. fumigatus. A single gene codes for the glucan synthase catalytic subumit; this finding has lead to the development of a RNAi methodology for the disruption of essential genes in A. fumigatus. In contrast to the glucan synthase, multiple genes have been found in the chitin synthase and the alpha glucan synthase families; in spite of homologous sequences, each gene in each family have very different function. Similarly homologous mannosyltransferase genes are found in yeast and moulds but they lead to the synthesis of very different N-mannan structures. This chemo-genomic comparative analysis has also suggested that GPI-anchored proteins do not have a role of linker in the three dimensional organization of the fungal cell wall.
cell wall, mannan, glucan, GPI, chitin
Publication DOI: 10.1080/13693780400029155Journal NLM ID: 9815835Publisher: Oxford: Oxford University Press
Correspondence: jplatge@pasteur.fr
Institutions: Le Reseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Aspergillus Unit, 25 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris, France, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD, USA
- Article ID: 7155
Tanabe Y, Oda M "Molecular characterization of endo-1,3-β-glucanase from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans: effects of carbohydrate-binding module on enzymatic function and stability" -
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1814(12) (2011) 1713-1719
An endo-1,3-β-glucanase was purified from Tunicase®, a crude enzyme preparation from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans DK-1, and determined to be a 383-residue protein (Ala1-Leu383), comprising a catalytic domain of the glycoside hydrolase family 16 and a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module family 13. The Escherichia coli expression system of the catalytic domain (Ala1-Thr256) was constructed, and the protein with N-terminal polyhistidine tag was purified using a Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid column. We analyzed enzymatic properties of the recombinant catalytic domain, its variants, and the Tunicase®-derived full-length endo-1,3-β-glucanase. Substitution of Glu119 with Ala and deletion of Met123, both of the residues are located in the catalytic motif, resulted in the loss of hydrolytic activity. In comparison between the full-length enzyme and isolated catalytic domain, their hydrolytic activities for soluble substrates such as laminarin and laminarioligosaccharides were similar. In contrast, the hydrolytic activity of the full-length enzyme for insoluble substrates such as curdlan and yeast-glucan was significantly higher than that of the catalytic domain. It should be noted that the acid stabilities for the hydrolysis of laminarin were clearly different. Secondary structure analysis using circular dichroism showed that the full-length enzyme was more acid stable than was the catalytic domain, possibly because of domain interactions between the catalytic domain and the carbohydrate-binding module.
Catalytic Domain, β-1, Carbohydrate-binding module, Enzymatic activity, 3 glucan, Acid tolerance
NCBI PubMed ID: 21979581Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.09.004Journal NLM ID: 0217513Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: Oda M
Institutions: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
Methods: enzymatic activity assay
- Article ID: 7733
Bzducha-Wróbel A, Kieliszek M, Błażejak S "Chemical composition of the cell wall of probiotic and brewer’s yeast in response to cultivation medium with glycerol as a carbon source" -
European Food Research and Technology 237(4) (2013) 489-499
The structure of cell wall of yeasts (genus Saccharomyces) is one of the factors that determine their health-promoting properties connected to the presence of b-glucans and mannoprotein. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of glycerol as a carbon source on structural polymers of cell wall (b-glucan and mannoprotein) of probiotic yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii and brewer’s yeasts S. cerevisiae R9. Significant increase of the percentage of polysaccharide content in the cell wall dry weight of S. cerevisiae R9 brewer’s yeasts was noted (in the range of 10–20 %) after cultivation in medium containing glycerol at a concentration of 2–5 % and pH 4.0. The highest content of carbohydrates in probiotic yeasts’ cell wall (58 %) was observed after cultivation in medium containing 3 % of glycerol and pH 5.0. The cell wall of probiotic yeasts was characterized by higher content of mannoprotein comparing with cell wall preparation of brewer’s yeasts S. cerevisiae R9 composed mainly of b-glucans. After cultivation in mediums with 2 and 3 % of glycerol, the cell of brewer’s yeasts contained the highest amount of b(1,3/1,6)-glucan in dry weight of the cell wall (about 36 %). Glycerol at a concentration of 3 and 5 % also intensified mannoprotein biosynthesis in cell wall of S. cerevisiae R9, approximating their content to those noted in the cells of probiotic yeasts (about 29 % (w/w) of dry weight of the cell wall) after cultivation in a medium of pH 5.0 containing 3 % of glycerol.
cell wall, β-glucan, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mannoprotein, probiotic yeast
Publication DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2016-8Journal NLM ID: 100957634Publisher: Berlin: Springer
Correspondence: anna_bzducha_wrobel@sggw.pl
Institutions: Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
Methods: enzymatic hydrolysis, statistical analysis, dialysis, hydrolysis, autolysis
- Article ID: 7752
Cabib E, Arroyo J "How carbohydrates sculpt cells: chemical control of morphogenesis in the yeast cell wall" -
Nature Reviews Microbiology 11(9) (2013) 648-655
In budding yeast, the neck that connects the mother and daughter cell is the site of essential functions such as organelle trafficking, septum formation and cytokinesis. Therefore, the morphology of this region, which depends on the surrounding cell wall, must be maintained throughout the cell cycle. Growth at the neck is prevented, redundantly, by a septin ring inside the cell membrane and a chitin ring in the cell wall. Here, we describe recent work supporting the hypothesis that attachment of the chitin ring, which forms at the mother–bud neck during budding, to β-1,3-glucan in the cell wall is necessary to stop growth at the neck. Thus, in this scenario, chemistry controls morphogenesis.
NCBI PubMed ID: 23949603Publication DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3090Journal NLM ID: 101190261Publisher: London, UK: Nature Publishing Group
Correspondence: Cabib E
Institutions: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, USA, the Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Madrid, Spain
- Article ID: 7754
de Groot PW, Bader O, de Boer AD, Weig M, Chauhan N "Adhesins in human fungal pathogens: glue with plenty of stick" -
Eukaryotic Cell 12(4) (2013) 470-481
Understanding the pathogenesis of an infectious disease is critical for developing new methods to prevent infection and diagnose or cure disease. Adherence of microorganisms to host tissue is a prerequisite for tissue invasion and infection. Fungal cell wall adhesins involved in adherence to host tissue or abiotic medical devices are critical for colonization leading to invasion and damage of host tissue. Here, with a main focus on pathogenic Candida species, we summarize recent progress made in the field of adhesins in human fungal pathogens and underscore the importance of these proteins in establishment of fungal diseases.
NCBI PubMed ID: 23397570Publication DOI: 10.1128/EC.00364-12Journal NLM ID: 101130731Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Correspondence: chauhan1@umdnj.edu
Institutions: Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science and Technology Park, University of Castilla—La Mancha, Albacete, Spaina, Institute for Medical Microbiology and German National Reference Center for Systemic Mycoses, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Public Health Research Institutec and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Article ID: 7916
Ao J, Chinnici JL, Maddi A, Free SJ "The N-linked outer chain mannans and the Dfg5p and Dcw1p endo-α-1,6-mannanases are needed for incorporation of Candida albicans glycoproteins into the cell wall" -
Eukaryotic Cell 14(8) (2015) 792-903
A biochemical pathway for the incorporation of cell wall protein into the cell wall of Neurospora crassa was recently proposed. In this pathway, the DFG-5 and DCW-1 endo-α-1,6-mannanases function to covalently cross-link cell wall protein-associated N-linked galactomannans, which are structurally related to the yeast outer chain mannans, into the cell wall glucan-chitin matrix. In this report, we demonstrate that the mannosyltransferase enzyme Och1p, which is needed for the synthesis of the N-linked outer chain mannan, is essential for the incorporation of cell wall glycoproteins into the Candida albicans cell wall. Using endoglycosidases, we show that C. albicans cell wall proteins are cross-linked into the cell wall via their N-linked outer chain mannans. We further demonstrate that the Dfg5p and Dcw1p α-1,6-mannanases are needed for the incorporation of cell wall glycoproteins into the C. albicans cell wall. Our results support the hypothesis that the Dfg5p and Dcw1p α-1,6-mannanases incorporate cell wall glycoproteins into the C. albicans cell wall by cross-linking outer chain mannans into the cell wall glucan-chitin matrix.
cell wall, mannan, N-glycans, endo-mannanases
NCBI PubMed ID: 26048011Publication DOI: 10.1128/EC.00032-154Journal NLM ID: 101130731Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Correspondence: free@buffalo.edu
Institutions: Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA, School of Dental Medicine, Periodontics and Endodontics, SUNY University at Buffalo Dental School, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Article ID: 7919
Blanco N, Sanz AB, Rodríguez-Peña JM, Nombela C, Farkaš V, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Arroyo J "Structural and functional analysis of yeast Crh1 and Crh2 transglycosylases" -
FEBS Journal 282(4) (2015) 715-731
Covalent cross-links between chitin and glucan at the yeast cell wall are created by the transglycosylase activity of redundant proteins Crh1 and Crh2, with cleavage of β-1,4 linkages of the chitin backbone and transfer of the generated molecule containing newly created reducing end onto the glucan acceptor. A three-dimensional structure of Crh1 was generated by homology modeling based on the crystal structure of bacterial 1,3-1,4-β-D-glucanase, followed by site-directed mutagenesis to obtain molecular insights into how these enzymes achieve catalysis. The residues of both proteins that are involved in their catalytic and binding activities have been characterized by measuring the ability of yeast cells expressing different versions of these proteins to transglycosylate oligosaccharides derived from β-1,3-glucan, β-1,6-glucan and chitin to the chitin at the cell wall. Within the catalytic site, residues E134 and E138 of Crh1, as well as E166 and E170 of Crh2, corresponding to the nucleophile and general acid/base, and also the auxiliary D136 and D168 of Crh1 and Crh2, respectively, are shown to be essential for catalysis. Mutations of aromatic residues F152, Y160 and W219, located within the carbohydrate-binding cleft of the Crh1 model, also affect the transglycosylase activity. Unlike Crh1, Crh2 contains a putative carbohydrate-binding module (CBM18) of unknown function. Modeling and functional analysis of site-directed mutant residues of this CBM identified essential amino acids for protein folding and stability, as well as residues that tune the catalytic activity of Crh2.
cell wall, glucan, glycoside hydrolase, chitin, transglycosylation, computer modelling, carbohydrate binding module
NCBI PubMed ID: 25495733Publication DOI: 10.1111/febs.13176Journal NLM ID: 101229646Publisher: Blackwell Publishing
Correspondence: Arroyo J
; Hurtado-Guerrero R
Institutions: Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Department of Glycobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia, Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain, BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain, Fundacion ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain
- Article ID: 7933
Ene IV, Walker LA, Schiavone M, Lee KK, Martin-Yken H, Dague E, Gow NA, Munro CA, Brown AJ "Cell wall remodeling enzymes modulate fungal cell wall elasticity and osmotic stress resistance" -
mBio 6(4) (2015) e00986 (1-15)
The fungal cell wall confers cell morphology and protection against environmental insults. For fungal pathogens, the cell wall is a key immunological modulator and an ideal therapeutic target. Yeast cell walls possess an inner matrix of interlinked β-glucan and chitin that is thought to provide tensile strength and rigidity. Yeast cells remodel their walls over time in response to environmental change, a process controlled by evolutionarily conserved stress (Hog1) and cell integrity (Mkc1, Cek1) signaling pathways. These mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways modulate cell wall gene expression, leading to the construction of a new, modified cell wall. We show that the cell wall is not rigid but elastic, displaying rapid structural realignments that impact survival following osmotic shock. Lactate-grown Candida albicans cells are more resistant to hyperosmotic shock than glucose-grown cells. We show that this elevated resistance is not dependent on Hog1 or Mkc1 signaling and that most cell death occurs within 10 min of osmotic shock. Sudden decreases in cell volume drive rapid increases in cell wall thickness. The elevated stress resistance of lactate-grown cells correlates with reduced cell wall elasticity, reflected in slower changes in cell volume following hyperosmotic shock. The cell wall elasticity of lactate-grown cells is increased by a triple mutation that inactivates the Crh family of cell wall cross-linking enzymes, leading to increased sensitivity to hyperosmotic shock. Overexpressing Crh family members in glucose-grown cells reduces cell wall elasticity, providing partial protection against hyperosmotic shock. These changes correlate with structural realignment of the cell wall and with the ability of cells to withstand osmotic shock.
cell wall, glycosyltransferases, Microscopy
NCBI PubMed ID: 26220968Publication DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00986-15Journal NLM ID: 101519231Publisher: Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
Correspondence: al.brown@abdn.ac.uk
Institutions: Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, UK, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Toulouse, France, INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France, CNRS, LAAS, Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, LAAS, Toulouse, France, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Methods: AFM, HPF-TEM
- Article ID: 7940
Fesel PH, Zuccaro A "β-glucan: Crucial component of the fungal cell wall and elusive MAMP in plants" -
Fungal Genetics and Biology 90 (2016) 53-60
Plant innate immunity relies in first place on the detection of invading microbes. Thus, plants evolved receptors to sense unique molecules of the microbe, the so called microbe-associated molecular patterns or MAMPs. The best studied fungal MAMP is chitin, an important structural building block of the fungal cell wall. Over the past years several plant receptors for chitin have been characterized as well as different strategies adopted by fungi to evade chitin recognition. Despite its strong activity as an elicitor of plant defense chitin represents only a small percentage of the cell wall of most fungi compared to other complex sugars. β-glucan, the most abundant fungal cell wall polysaccharide, also serves as a MAMP, but the mechanisms of β-glucan perception and signaling in plants are largely unknown. In contrast to that the β-glucan recognition and signaling machineries are well characterized in mammals. The C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 is a key component of these machineries. In this review we describe valuable knowledge about the existence of at least one β-glucan receptor in plants and about the hindrances in β-glucan research. Additionally we discuss possible future perspectives of glucan research and the possibility to transfer the gathered knowledge from mammalian systems to plants.
β-glucan, chitin, Dectin-1, fungal MAMPs, pattern recognition receptor, plant immune system
NCBI PubMed ID: 26688467Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.004Journal NLM ID: 9607601Publisher: Orlando, FL : Academic Press / Elsevier
Correspondence: azuccaro@uni-koeln.de
Institutions: Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Article ID: 8392
Komath SS, Singh SL, Pratyusha VA, Sah SK "Generating anchors only to lose them: The unusual story of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis and remodeling in yeast and fungi" -
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology life 70(5) (2018) 355-383
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are present ubiquitously at the cell surface in all eukaryotes. They play a crucial role in the interaction of the cell with its external environment, allowing the cell to receive signals, respond to challenges, and mediate adhesion. In yeast and fungi, they also participate in the structural integrity of the cell wall and are often essential for survival. Roughly four decades after the discovery of the first GPI-APs, this review provides an overview of the insights gained from studies of the GPI biosynthetic pathway and the future challenges in the field. In particular, we focus on the biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has for long been studied as a model organism. Where available, we also provide information about the GPI biosynthetic steps in other yeast/ fungi. Although the core structure of the GPI anchor is conserved across organisms, several variations are built into the biosynthetic pathway. The present Review specifically highlights these variations and their implications. There is growing evidence to suggest that several phenotypes are common to GPI deficiency and should be expected in GPI biosynthetic mutants. However, it appears that several phenotypes are unique to a specific step in the pathway and may even be species-specific. These could suggest the points at which the GPI biosynthetic pathway intersects with other important cellular pathways and could be points of regulation. They could be of particular significance in the study of pathogenic fungi and in identification of new and specific antifungal drugs/ drug targets.
cell wall, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GPI anchor biosynthesis, antifungal drug target
NCBI PubMed ID: 29679465Publication DOI: 10.1002/iub.1734Journal NLM ID: 100888706Publisher: London; Philadelphia, PA: International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Taylor & Francis
Correspondence: Komath SS
; Komath SS
Institutions: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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3. Compound ID: 1669
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
; n=9-15
Trivial name: glucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_192
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 516
Vinogradov E, Perry MB "Characterisation of the core part of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Francisella novicida (U112)" -
Carbohydrate Research 339(9) (2004) 1643-1648
Francisella novicida (U112), a close relative of the highly virulent bacterium F. tularensis, is known to produce a lipopolysaccharide that is significantly different in biological properties from the LPS of F. tularensis. Here we present the results of the structural analysis of the F. novicida LPS core part, which is found to be similar to that of F. tularensis, differing only by one additional α-Glc residue:where R is an O-chain, linked via a β-bacillosamine (2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose) residue. The lipid part of F. novicida LPS contains no phosphate substituent and apparently has a free reducing end, a feature also noted in F. tularensis LPS.
LPS, core structure, Francisella, Francisella novicida
NCBI PubMed ID: 15183739Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: evguenii.vinogradov@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
Institutions: Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
Methods: NMR-2D, methylation, NMR, MS
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4. Compound ID: 2063
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b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+
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-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-a-L-Rhap-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-2daraHexpA-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: S-7
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_136105,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_189517,IEDB_225177,IEDB_241101,IEDB_885823,IEDB_983931,SB_192
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 669
Gulin S, Kussak A, Jansson P, Widmalm G "Structural studies of S-7, another exocellular polysaccharide containing 2-deoxy-arabino-hexuronic acid" -
Carbohydrate Research 331(3) (2001) 285-290
The exocellular polysaccharide S-7, a heteropolysaccharide from Azotobacter indicus variant myxogenes has been studied using methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolysis, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as the principal methods. It is concluded that the repeating unit has the following structure: [structure: see text] The absolute configuration of the deoxyhexuronic acid was deduced from 1H NMR chemical shifts and is most likely D. Approximately two O-acetyl groups per repeating unit are present, one of which is presumably on the Rha residue. The structure bears great resemblance to another polysaccharide, recently studied, produced by Sphingomonas paucimobilis I-886.
structure, capsular polysaccharide, deoxyhexuronic acid, Azotobacter indicus
NCBI PubMed ID: 11383898Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: pererik.jansson@kfcmail.hs.sll.se
Institutions: Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, University College of South Stockholm, S-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden, Clinical Research Center, Analytical Unit, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Novum, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
Methods: methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, NMR, Smith degradation
- Article ID: 5791
Knirel YA, Van Calsteren M "Bacterial exopolysaccharides" -
Book: Comprehensive Glycoscience: From Chemistry to Systems Biology. Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering (2021) 1-75
Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides are known as a cell-bound capsule, a sheath, or a slime, which is excreted into the environment. They play an important role in virulence of medical bacteria and plant-to-symbiont interaction and are used for serotyping of bacteria and production of vaccines. Some exopolysaccharides have commercial applications in industry, and claims of health benefits have been documented for an increasing number of them. Exopolysaccharides have diverse composition and structure, and some contain sugar and non-sugar components that are found in bacterial carbohydrates only. The present article provides an updated collection of the data on exopolysaccharides of various classes of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria reported until the end of 2019. When known, biosynthesis pathways of exopolysaccharides are treated in a summary manner. References are made to structure and biosynthesis relatedness between exopolysaccharides of different bacterial taxa as well as between bacterial polysaccharides and mammalian glycosaminoglycans.
polysaccharide structure, Gram-negative bacteria, capsule, Biofilm, polysaccharide biosynthesis, gram-positive bacteria, Monosaccharide composition, Bacterial exopolysaccharide, non-sugar component
Publication DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819475-1.00005-5Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: marie-rose.vancalsteren@canada.ca; yknirel@gmail.com
Editors: Barchi J, Kamerling H
Institutions: N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Article ID: 6244
Huang H, Lin J, Wang W, Li S "Biopolymers Produced by Sphingomonas Strains and Their Potential Applications in Petroleum Production" -
Polymers 14(9) (2022) 1920
The genus Sphingomonas was established by Yabuuchi et al. in 1990, and has attracted much attention in recent years due to its unique ability to degrade environmental pollutants. Some Sphingomonas species can secrete high-molecular-weight extracellular polymers called sphingans, most of which are acidic heteropolysaccharides. Typical sphingans include welan gum, gellan gum, and diutan gum. Most sphingans have a typical, conserved main chain structure, and differences of side chain groups lead to different rheological characteristics, such as shear thinning, temperature or salt resistance, and viscoelasticity. In petroleum production applications, sphingans, and their structurally modified derivatives can replace partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in high-temperature and high-salt reservoirs, while also being able to replace guar gum as a fracturing fluid thickener. This paper focuses on the applications of sphingans and their derivatives in EOR.
Sphingomonas, gellan, sphingan, welan, application, biopolymer, diutan, EOR
NCBI PubMed ID: 35567089Publication DOI: 10.3390/polym14091920Journal NLM ID: 101545357Publisher: Basel: MDPI
Correspondence: lishuang@njtech.edu.cn
Institutions: College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangpu Campus, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China, Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering and Technology, Shengli Oilfield Company, Sinopec, Dongying 257000, China
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5. Compound ID: 2287
|
Suc-(1-6)-+
|
Pyr-(2-6:2-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp6Ac-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-D-Galp |
Show graphically |
Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: succinoglucan
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151528,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 769
Chouly C, Colquhoun IJ, Jodelet A, York G, Walker GC "NMR studies of succinoglycan repeating-unit octasaccharides from Rhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium radiobacter" -
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 17 (1995) 357-363
Complete 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance assignments have been obtained for the octasaccharide repeating units of the bacterial polysaccharide succinoglycan from Rhizobium meliloti Rm1021 and Agrobacterium radiobacter NCIB 11883. The assignments were used to determine the locations of the O-succinyl and O-acetyl substituents. The O-acetyl substituent in Rm1021 was attached to the 3rd residue from the reducing end, and the O-succinyl group was attached to the 7th residue in both octasaccharides. The structure of the Rm1021 octasaccharide is as shown below: [formula: see text] A small amount of succinate was also attached to C6 of the 6th residue in both octasaccharides.
NMR, structure, polysaccharide, repeating unit, Rhizobia, Rhizobium, extracellular, Rhizobium meliloti, Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium radiobacter, succinoglycan
NCBI PubMed ID: 8789340Journal NLM ID: 7909578Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Institutions: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, UK
Methods: NMR-2D, NMR
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6. Compound ID: 2288
|
Suc-(1-6)-+
|
Pyr-(2-6:2-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+
|
-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp6Ac-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Galp-(1- |
Show graphically |
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: succinoglycan
Compound class: EPS, CPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 769
Chouly C, Colquhoun IJ, Jodelet A, York G, Walker GC "NMR studies of succinoglycan repeating-unit octasaccharides from Rhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium radiobacter" -
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 17 (1995) 357-363
Complete 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance assignments have been obtained for the octasaccharide repeating units of the bacterial polysaccharide succinoglycan from Rhizobium meliloti Rm1021 and Agrobacterium radiobacter NCIB 11883. The assignments were used to determine the locations of the O-succinyl and O-acetyl substituents. The O-acetyl substituent in Rm1021 was attached to the 3rd residue from the reducing end, and the O-succinyl group was attached to the 7th residue in both octasaccharides. The structure of the Rm1021 octasaccharide is as shown below: [formula: see text] A small amount of succinate was also attached to C6 of the 6th residue in both octasaccharides.
NMR, structure, polysaccharide, repeating unit, Rhizobia, Rhizobium, extracellular, Rhizobium meliloti, Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium radiobacter, succinoglycan
NCBI PubMed ID: 8789340Journal NLM ID: 7909578Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Institutions: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, UK
Methods: NMR-2D, NMR
- Article ID: 1290
Yamazaki M, Thorne L, Mikolajczak M, Armentrout RW, Pollock TJ "Linkage of genes essential for synthesis of a polysaccharide capsule in Sphingomonas strain S88" -
Journal of Bacteriology 178 (1996) 2676-2687
Several structurally related capsular polysaccharides that are secreted by members of the genus Sphingomonas are being developed as aqueous rheological control agents for diverse industrial and food applications. They include gellan (S-60), welan (S-130), rhamsan (S-194), S-657, S-88, S-198, S-7, and NW-11. We refer to these polysaccharides as sphingans, after the genus name. This paper characterizes the first gene cluster isolated from a Sphingomonas species (S88) that is required for capsule synthesis. Overlapping DNA segments which spanned about 50 kbp of S88 DNA restored the synthesis of sphingan S-88 in capsule-negative mutants. The mutations were mapped into functional complementation groups, and the contiguous nucleotide sequence for the 29-kbp cluster was determined. The genetic complementation map and the DNA sequences were interpreted as an extended multicistronic locus containing genes essential for the assembly and secretion of polysaccharide S-88. Many of the deduced amino acid sequences were similar to gene products from other polysaccharide-secreting bacteria such as Rhizobium meliloti (succinoglycan), Xanthomonas campestris (xanthan gum), and Salmonella enterica (O antigen). The S88 locus contained a four-gene operon for the biosynthesis of dTDP-L-rhamnose, an essential precursor for the sphingans. Unexpectedly, there were also two genes for secretion of a lytic or toxin-like protein nested within the polysaccharide cluster. The conservation and linkage of genes that code for a defensive capsule and genes for secretion of an offensive lysin or toxin suggest a heretofore unknown pathogenic life history for Sphingomonas strain S88
biosynthesis, synthesis, gene, strain, polysaccharide, Sphingomonas, linkage, capsule
NCBI PubMed ID: 8626338Journal NLM ID: 2985120RPublisher: American Society for Microbiology
Institutions: Shin-Etsu Bio, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
- Article ID: 3109
Reuber TL, Walker GC "Biosynthesis of succinoglycan, a symbiotically important exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti" -
Cell 74 (1993) 269-280
The exo genes of Rhizobium meliloti are needed for the synthesis of an acidic exopolysaccharide, succinoglycan. We have assigned biosynthetic roles to the products of the exo genes by characterizing succinoglycan biosynthetic intermediates from exo mutant strains. We propose a model of succinoglycan biosynthesis in which the products of the exoY and exoF genes function in the addition of the first sugar, galactose, to the lipid carrier; the products of the exoA, exoL, exoM, exoO, exoU, and exoW genes function in subsequent sugar additions; and the product of the exoV gene functions in the addition of pyruvate. The products of the exoP, exoQ, and exoT genes are required for polymerization of the octasaccharide subunits or transport of the completed polymer.
NCBI PubMed ID: 8343955Publication DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90418-pJournal NLM ID: 0413066Publisher: Cambridge, MA: Cell Press
Institutions: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Article ID: 3125
Reuber TL, Walker GC "The acetyl substituent of succinoglycan is not necessary for alfalfa nodule invasion by Rhizobium meliloti Rm1021" -
Journal of Bacteriology 175 (1993) 3653-3655
Rhizobium meliloti Rm1021 requires a Calcofluor-binding exopolysaccharide, termed succinoglycan or EPS I, to invade alfalfa nodules. We have determined that a strain carrying a mutation in the exoZ locus produces succinoglycan that lacks the acetyl substituent. The exoZ mutant nodules alfalfa normally.
NCBI PubMed ID: 8501069Journal NLM ID: 2985120RPublisher: American Society for Microbiology
Institutions: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Article ID: 3126
Reinhold BB, Chan SY, Reuber TL, Marra A, Walker GC, Reinhold VN "Detailed structural characterization of succinoglycan, the major exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti Rm1021" -
Journal of Bacteriology 176 (1994) 1997-2002
The detailed structure of the symbiotically important exopolysaccharide succinoglycan from Rhizobium meliloti Rm1021 was determined by mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation of the octameric oligosaccharide repeating unit. Previously undetermined locations of the succinyl and acetyl modifications were determined, in respect to both residue locations within the octamer and the carbon positions within the pyranose ring. Glycosidic linkages determined previously by methylation analysis were also verified.
NCBI PubMed ID: 8144468Journal NLM ID: 2985120RPublisher: American Society for Microbiology
Institutions: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Methods: methylation, ESI-MS, ESI-CID-MS
- Article ID: 3279
Leigh JA, Walker GC "Exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium: Synthesis, regulation and symbiotic function" -
Trends in Genetics 10(2) (1994) 63-67
Exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium have long been suspected, and are now known, to function in the Rhizobium-legume root nodule symbiosis. Recent studies have enhanced our knowledge of these extracellular polymers as symbiotic signals and have elucidated their biosynthesis and regulation.
biosynthesis, synthesis, polysaccharide, polymer, enhanced, regulation, Rhizobia, Rhizobium, exopolysaccharide, exopolysaccharides, function, review, extracellular, Polymers, symbiotic
NCBI PubMed ID: 8191588Journal NLM ID: 8507085Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
Methods: genetic methods, biochemical methods
- Article ID: 5400
Becker A, Puhler A "Production of exopolysaccharides" -
Book: The Rhizobiaceae. Molecular Biology of Model Plant-Associated Bacteria (1998) Chapter 6, 97-118
A broad variety of bacteria including the Rhizobiaceae are able to secrete polysaccharides. Sugar polymers that form an adherent cohesive layer on the cell surface are designated capsular polysacharides (CPS), whereas the term exopolysaccharide (EPS) is used for polysaccharides with little or no cell association. Due to the variation of monosaccharide sequences, condensation linkages and non-carbohydrate decorations, an infinite array of structures can be provided by this class of macromolecules. Different rheological properties depend on the structure and the molecular weight of EPS. These properties and the location of EPS, forming the outer layer of the cell surface, contribute to the cell protection against environmental influences, attachment to surfaces, nutrient gathering and to antigenicity (Costerton et al., 1987, Sutherland 1988, Whitfield 1988, Beveridge and Graham 1991). The structural diversity of oligosaccharides derived from EPS enables them to function additionally as informational molecules in cell-cell-communications. Finally, many symbiotic bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae use oligosaccharides as signal molecules in the interaction with their host plant.
glycosyl transferase, Indeterminate Nodule, Symbiotic Phenotype, Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis, SU47 Mutant
WWW link: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-5060-6_6Publisher: Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Correspondence: hippo@genetik.uni-bielefeld.de
Editors: Spaink HP, Kondorosi A, Hooykaas PJJ
Institutions: Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Germany
- Article ID: 5492
Schmid J, Sieber V, Rehm B "Bacterial exopolysaccharides: biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies" -
Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (2015) 496
Bacteria produce a wide range of exopolysaccharides which are synthesized via different biosynthesis pathways. The genes responsible for synthesis are often clustered within the genome of the respective production organism. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes is critical toward genetic, metabolic and protein-engineering approaches to produce tailor-made polymers. These designer polymers will exhibit superior material properties targeting medical and industrial applications. Exploiting the natural design space for production of a variety of biopolymer will open up a range of new applications. Here, we summarize the key aspects of microbial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and highlight the latest engineering approaches toward the production of tailor-made variants with the potential to be used as valuable renewable and high-performance products for medical and industrial applications.
biosynthesis, gene clusters, Bacterial exopolysaccharides, polysaccharide engineering, tailor-made exopolysaccharides
NCBI PubMed ID: 26074894Publication DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00496Journal NLM ID: 101548977Publisher: Lausanne: Frontiers Research Foundation
Correspondence: Jochen Schmid
Institutions: Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München Straubing, Germany, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Article ID: 6248
Jeong JP, Kim Y, Hu Y, Jung S "Bacterial Succinoglycans: Structure, Physical Properties, and Applications" -
Polymers 14(2) (2022) 276
Succinoglycan is a type of bacterial anionic exopolysaccharide produced from Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, and other soil bacteria. The exact structure of succinoglycan depends in part on the type of bacterial strain, and the final production yield also depends on the medium composition, culture conditions, and genotype of each strain. Various bacterial polysaccharides, such as cellulose, xanthan, gellan, and pullulan, that can be mass-produced for biotechnology are being actively studied. However, in the case of succinoglycan, a bacterial polysaccharide, relatively few reports on production strains or chemical and structural characteristics have been published. Physical properties of succinoglycan, a non-Newtonian and shear thinning fluid, have been reported according to the ratio of substituents (pyruvyl, succinyl, acetyl group), molecular weight (Mw), and measurement conditions (concentration, temperature, pH, metal ion, etc.). Due to its unique rheological properties, succinoglycan has been mainly used as a thickener and emulsifier in the cosmetic and food industries. However, in recent reports, succinoglycan and its derivatives have been used as functional biomaterials, e.g., in stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, therapeutics, and cell culture scaffolds. This suggests a new and expanded application of succinoglycan as promising biomaterials in biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and pharmaceuticals using drug delivery.
bacterial polysaccharides, succinoglycan, application, Biomaterials, hydrogels
NCBI PubMed ID: 35054683Publication DOI: 10.3390/polym14020276Journal NLM ID: 101545357Publisher: Basel: MDPI
Correspondence: Seunho Jung
Institutions: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea, Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (UBITA), Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA (CBRU), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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7. Compound ID: 3985
|
Pyr-(2-6:2-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+
|
-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Galp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1- |
Show graphically |
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Trivial name: succinoglycan
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 1473
Navarini L, Stredansky M, Matulová M, Bertocchi C "Production and characterization of an exopolysaccharide from Rhizobium hedysari HCNT 1" -
Biotechnology Letters 19(12) (1997) 1231-1234
Rhizobium hedysari strain HTCN 1 produces viscous fermentation broths due to the presence of exopolysaccharide (EPS) products. Production of these products has been studied by testing a wide range of C- and N-sources. The highest EPS yield (9.04 g/L) has been obtained after 7 days cultivation in shaken flask on mannitol and lysine. The isolated and purified EPS has been subjected to chemical identification by means of NMR and FTIR spectroscopies.
characterization, Rhizobia, Rhizobium, exopolysaccharide, production
Journal NLM ID: 8008051Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Institutions: POLY-tech s.c.a.r.l. and POLY-bios Research Centre, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 1-34012, Trieste, Italy
Methods: NMR-2D, NMR, FTIR
- Article ID: 1934
Morris VJ, Brownsey GJ, Gunning AP, Harris JE "Gelation of the extracellular polysaccharide produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes" -
Carbohydrate Polymers 13 (1990) 221-225
It has been shown that the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes will form thermoreversible gels. This EPS belongs to a family of polysaccharide structures all of which have the same backbone structure substituted with different side chains. The EPS produced by Rhizobium meliloti IFO 13336 also belongs to this family of structures and T. Harada (Biochem. Soc. Symp., 48 (1983) 97) has reported gelation of this polysaccharide. Thus it is possible that gelation is a common feature of this family of structures. Possible biological and ecological consequences of gelation are discussed.
structure, Rhizobium, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Agrobacterium, extracellular polysaccharides, ecological, gelation
Publication DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(90)90085-7Journal NLM ID: 8307156Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: AFRC Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich, UK
Methods: gelation, rheological study
- Article ID: 3096
Zevenhuizen LPTM, Faleschini P "Effect of the concentration of sodium chloride in the medium on the relative proportions of poly- and oligo-saccharides excreted by Rhizobium meliloti YE-2SL" -
Carbohydrate Research 209 (1991) 203-209
Rhizobium meliloti mutant strains have been found which, in the presence of low concentrations of NaCl, produce a galactoglucan instead of the usual succinoglycan. When grown in a mannitol-glutamic acid-salts medium, the principal products secreted by R. meliloti YE-2S1 were comparable quantities of succinoglycan repeating-units and galactoglucan. As NaCl was added progressively to the culture medium, the repeating units nearly completely disappeared and the galactoglucan was gradually replaced by a succinoglycan.
NCBI PubMed ID: 2036651Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Article ID: 3100
Navarini L, Cesaro A, Ross-Murphy SB "Exopolysaccharides from Rhizobium meliloti YE-2 grown under different osmolarity conditions: viscoelastic properties" -
Carbohydrate Research 223 (1992) 227-234
Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Methods: viscosity measurement, capillary viscosimetry
- Article ID: 3122
Jansson PE, Kenne L, Lindberg B, Ljunggren H, Lönngren J, Ruden U, Svensson S "Demonstration of an octasaccharide repeating unit in the extracellular polysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti by sequential degradation" -
Journal of the American Chemical Society 99(11) (1977) 3812-3815
The structure of the extracellular polysaccharide from Rhizobium meliloti, a microsymbiont in the nitrogen fixing symbiosis, has been investigated. The polysaccharide contains a terminal β-D-glucopyranosyl group with pyruvic acid ketalically linked to its 4 and 6 positions. After removal of this substituent from the methylated polysaccharide the four sugar residues in the side chain were removed sequentially by specific degradations; each of these steps involved oxidation, β-elimination by treatment with base, and, when necessary, acid hydrolysis under mild conditions. The result of each degradation was fol- lowed by trideuteriomethylation, hydrolysis, and analysis of the product by GLC/MS. The sequence of the sugar residues in the main chain was determined using a modified Smith degradation in which the polyalcohol, obtained after periodate oxidation-borohydride reduction, was methylated before the mild acid hydrolysis. As a result of these studies, it is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of octasaccharide repeating units with the structure 25.
NCBI PubMed ID: 858877Publication DOI: 10.1021/ja00453a049Journal NLM ID: 7503056Publisher: American Chemical Society
Institutions: Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
Methods: methylation, acid hydrolysis, GLC, Smith degradation, periodate oxidation, GLC/MS
- Article ID: 3132
Uttaro AD, Ielpi L, Ugalde RA "Galactose metabolism in Rhizobiaceae: characterization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens exoB mutants" -
Journal of General Microbiology 139 (1993) 1055-1062
- Article ID: 3134
Battisti L, Lara JC, Leigh JA "Specific oligosaccharide form of the Rhizobium meliloti exopolysaccharide promotes nodule invasion in alfalfa" -
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89 (1992) 5625-5629
Journal NLM ID: 7505876Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
- Article ID: 4307
Harada T, Amemura A, Jansson P, Lindberg B "Comparative studies on polysaccharides elaborated by Rhizobium, Alcaligenes and Agrobacterium" -
Carbohydrate Research 77(1) (1979) 285-288
No abstract available
structure, polysaccharides, Rhizobium, extracellular, Agrobacterium, Comparative Study, Alcaligenes
NCBI PubMed ID: 519656Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: Institute of Scientijic and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 56.5, Japan
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, sugar analysis, acid hydrolysis, GLC, carboxyl reduction, paper chromatography, enzymatic digestion
- Article ID: 4308
Harada T "Special bacterial polysaccharides and polysaccharases" -
Biochemical Society Symposium 48 (1983) 97-116
Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 10C3, which we isolated from soil, produces a water-soluble and an insoluble extracellular polysaccharide. The former (succinoglycan) is composed of glucose, galactose, pyruvic acid and succinic acid (molar proportions 7:1:1:1) with (β 1-3)-, (β 1-4)- and (β 1-6)-glucosidic linkages. The latter (curdlan) is composed entirely of (β 1-3)-linked D-glucose and forms a resilient firm gel when heated in suspension. The organism also produces extracellularly a repeating-unit octasaccharide of succinoglycan and cyclic (β 1-2)-D-glucan. These polymers or oligomers are also produced by many strains of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium. Spontaneous mutation in ability to produce these polysaccharides or oligosaccharides occurs in these strains. The structures of succinoglycan, and similar polymers containing riburonic acid or galactose as the end residue of the side chain, were elucidated by successive fragmentation with two special enzymes obtained from Cytophaga arvensicola followed by methylation analysis. It is interesting that the unit compound in the biosynthesis of succinoglycan is identical with the unit compound in the enzymic decomposition of the polymer. Studies on curdlan gel by X-ray, 13C n.m.r. and electron-microscopic analysis and other physicochemical methods showed that the molecular structure of curdlan changes from a single helix to a triple stranded helix on heat treatment at high temperature. Curdlan seems to be useful for making new types of jelly products and may also be useful in new procedures for food production. Interestingly, curdlan possesses marked antitumour activity. Extracellular isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68; glycogen 6-glucanohydrolase) of Pseudomonas amyloderamosa SB 15, which we isolated from soil, is very useful for elucidation of the structure of amylopectin and glycogen, and also for the commercial production of amylose or maltose alone or in combination with beta-amylase. Maltose is useful as a sugar for injection, being better than glucose. Maltitol is easily produced from maltose by chemical reduction and is used as a low-calorie sweetener. The isoamylase is also effective for enhancing the production of glucose from starch by the action of glucoamylase.
bacterial polysaccharides, β-Glucans, Alcaligenes faecalis
NCBI PubMed ID: 6400487Journal NLM ID: 7506896Publisher: London: Portland Press
Institutions: Institute of Scientijic and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 56.5 (Japan)
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, methylation, X-ray, sugar analysis, electron microscopy, enzymatic digestion
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8. Compound ID: 4456
|
b-D-GlcpA-(1-2)-D-Manp-(1-3)-+
|
b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-D-Galp-(1-6)-D-Galp-(1-3)-+ |
| |
-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_130701,IEDB_134624,IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_137485,IEDB_140630,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144983,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151528,IEDB_152206,IEDB_153201,IEDB_156493,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_423153,IEDB_742248,IEDB_983930,IEDB_983931,SB_163,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_44,SB_67,SB_7,SB_72,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 1678
Tayama K, Minakami H, Fujiyama S, Masai H, Misaki A "Extracellular polysaccharides produced by acetic acid bacteria. Part III. Structure of an acidic polysaccharide elaborated by Acetobacter sp. NBI 1005" -
Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 50 (1986) 1271-1278
An extracellular acidic polysaccharide elaborated by Acetobacter sp. NBI 1005 was composed of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid (approximate molar ratio, 6:2:1:1). Methylation and fragmentation analysis by partial acid hydrolysis indicated that the polysaccharide has a branched structure containing a backbone chain of β-(l→4)-linked D-glucose residues, two out of every four glucose residues being substituted at the 0-3 positions to form two kinds of branches, one consisting of D-mannose and D-glucuronic acid residues and the other of (l→6)-linked D-galactose and D-glucose residues. © 1986, Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry. All rights reserved.
Publication DOI: 10.1271/bbb1961.50.1271Journal NLM ID: 0370452Publisher: Tokyo: Agricultural Chemical Society Of Japan
Institutions: Nakano Biochemical Research Institute, Nakano Vinegar Co., Ltd., Handa, Aichi 475, Japan, Faculty of Science of Living, Osaka City University, Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558, Japan
- Article ID: 6303
Rath T, Ruhmann B, Sieber V "Systematic optimization of exopolysaccharide production by Gluconacetobacter sp. and use of (crude) glycerol as carbon source" -
Carbohydrate Polymers 276 (2022) 118769
The usage of polysaccharides as biodegradable polymers is of growing interest in the context of a sustainable and ecofriendly economy. For this, the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) by Gluconacetobacter sp. was investigated. Glycerol as carbon source revealed to be beneficial compared to glucose. In addition, pure glycerol could be substituted by a crude glycerol waste stream from biodiesel production. Systematic analysis of the peptone and phosphate concentrations in glycerol-based media indicated a strong effect of peptone. Optimized parameters resulted in a titer of 25.4 ± 2.4 g/L EPS with a productivity of 0.46 ± 0.04 g*(L*h)-1. With decreasing peptone, a variation in the monomer ratios was observed. An accompanying change in molecular size distribution indicated the production of two different polysaccharides. Intensified analysis revealed the main polysaccharide to be composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man) and glucuronic acid (GlcA), and the minor polysaccharide of Gal, Man, ribose (Rib).
exopolysaccharide, optimization
NCBI PubMed ID: 34823788Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118769Journal NLM ID: 8307156Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: V. Sieber
Institutions: Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Campus for Biotechnology and Sustainability, 94315 Straubing, Germany, Fraunhofer IGB, Branch BioCat, 94315 Straubing, Germany, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany, The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, 68 Cooper Road, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
Methods: sugar analysis, GPC, fermentation, media composition, preculture preparation, UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS, crude glycerol analysis
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9. Compound ID: 4988
|
a-D-Ribf-(1-4)-a-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Galp |
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Structure type: oligomer
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140629,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_146664,IEDB_149136,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_423115,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 1934
Morris VJ, Brownsey GJ, Gunning AP, Harris JE "Gelation of the extracellular polysaccharide produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes" -
Carbohydrate Polymers 13 (1990) 221-225
It has been shown that the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes will form thermoreversible gels. This EPS belongs to a family of polysaccharide structures all of which have the same backbone structure substituted with different side chains. The EPS produced by Rhizobium meliloti IFO 13336 also belongs to this family of structures and T. Harada (Biochem. Soc. Symp., 48 (1983) 97) has reported gelation of this polysaccharide. Thus it is possible that gelation is a common feature of this family of structures. Possible biological and ecological consequences of gelation are discussed.
structure, Rhizobium, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Agrobacterium, extracellular polysaccharides, ecological, gelation
Publication DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(90)90085-7Journal NLM ID: 8307156Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: AFRC Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich, UK
Methods: gelation, rheological study
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10. Compound ID: 5038
|
a-D-RibfA-(1-4)-a-D-GlcpA-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-+
|
-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Galp-(1- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140630,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 1934
Morris VJ, Brownsey GJ, Gunning AP, Harris JE "Gelation of the extracellular polysaccharide produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes" -
Carbohydrate Polymers 13 (1990) 221-225
It has been shown that the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes will form thermoreversible gels. This EPS belongs to a family of polysaccharide structures all of which have the same backbone structure substituted with different side chains. The EPS produced by Rhizobium meliloti IFO 13336 also belongs to this family of structures and T. Harada (Biochem. Soc. Symp., 48 (1983) 97) has reported gelation of this polysaccharide. Thus it is possible that gelation is a common feature of this family of structures. Possible biological and ecological consequences of gelation are discussed.
structure, Rhizobium, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Agrobacterium, extracellular polysaccharides, ecological, gelation
Publication DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(90)90085-7Journal NLM ID: 8307156Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: AFRC Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich, UK
Methods: gelation, rheological study
- Article ID: 1985
Amemura A, Hisamatsu M, Ghai SK, Harada T "Structural studies on a new polysaccharide, containing D-riburonic acid, from Rhizobium meliloti IFO 13336" -
Carbohydrate Research 91 (1981) 59-65
The structure of an extracellular, acidic polysaccharide from Rhizobium meliloti IFO 13336 was studied by a method involving successive fragmentation with specific β-D-glycanases of Flavobacterium M64. The polysaccharide is composed of repeating units of the octasaccharide shown. An acidic component was identified as D-riburonic acid.
Publication DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)80991-XJournal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Methods: 1H NMR, methylation, enzymatic hydrolysis, GLC, paper chromatography, Heynz and Lenz method
- Article ID: 5791
Knirel YA, Van Calsteren M "Bacterial exopolysaccharides" -
Book: Comprehensive Glycoscience: From Chemistry to Systems Biology. Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering (2021) 1-75
Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides are known as a cell-bound capsule, a sheath, or a slime, which is excreted into the environment. They play an important role in virulence of medical bacteria and plant-to-symbiont interaction and are used for serotyping of bacteria and production of vaccines. Some exopolysaccharides have commercial applications in industry, and claims of health benefits have been documented for an increasing number of them. Exopolysaccharides have diverse composition and structure, and some contain sugar and non-sugar components that are found in bacterial carbohydrates only. The present article provides an updated collection of the data on exopolysaccharides of various classes of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria reported until the end of 2019. When known, biosynthesis pathways of exopolysaccharides are treated in a summary manner. References are made to structure and biosynthesis relatedness between exopolysaccharides of different bacterial taxa as well as between bacterial polysaccharides and mammalian glycosaminoglycans.
polysaccharide structure, Gram-negative bacteria, capsule, Biofilm, polysaccharide biosynthesis, gram-positive bacteria, Monosaccharide composition, Bacterial exopolysaccharide, non-sugar component
Publication DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819475-1.00005-5Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: marie-rose.vancalsteren@canada.ca; yknirel@gmail.com
Editors: Barchi J, Kamerling H
Institutions: N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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11. Compound ID: 5135
|
/Variants 0/-+
|
R-Pyr-(2-6:2-4)-a-D-Galp-(1-4)-a-D-GlcpA-(1-3)-a-D-GlcpA-(1-4)-+
|
-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-4)-b-D-Glcp-(1-3)-b-D-Galp-(1-
/Variants 0/ is:
Ac-3)-
OR (exclusively)
Ac-2)- |
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Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Compound class: EPS
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_115136,IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136906,IEDB_137472,IEDB_140630,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142487,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_151528,IEDB_151770,IEDB_151771,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_36,SB_6,SB_7,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 2057
Djordjevic SP, Rolfe BG, Batley M, Redmond JW "The structure of the exopolysaccharide from Rhizobium sp. strain ANU280 (NGR234)" -
Carbohydrate Research 148 (1986) 87-99
The structure of an exopolysaccharide from Rhizobium sp. strain ANU280 (derivative of the broad host-range strain NGR234) has been determined. Fragments generated by partial acid hydrolysis were fractionated by sequential ion-exchange ang gel chromatography, and their structures were assigned by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Extensive overlap of structure between the fragments, together with the results of periodate oxidation and colorimetric analyses, permitted assignment of the nonsaccharide repeating-unit shown below. The terminal galactosyl group carries a 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene) group and, probably, an acetyl group.
Publication DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(86)80039-8Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Institutions: Genetics Department, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra City, ACT 2601 Australia, School of Chemistry, Macquarie University, North Ryde 2113, NSW Australia
- Article ID: 5791
Knirel YA, Van Calsteren M "Bacterial exopolysaccharides" -
Book: Comprehensive Glycoscience: From Chemistry to Systems Biology. Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering (2021) 1-75
Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides are known as a cell-bound capsule, a sheath, or a slime, which is excreted into the environment. They play an important role in virulence of medical bacteria and plant-to-symbiont interaction and are used for serotyping of bacteria and production of vaccines. Some exopolysaccharides have commercial applications in industry, and claims of health benefits have been documented for an increasing number of them. Exopolysaccharides have diverse composition and structure, and some contain sugar and non-sugar components that are found in bacterial carbohydrates only. The present article provides an updated collection of the data on exopolysaccharides of various classes of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria reported until the end of 2019. When known, biosynthesis pathways of exopolysaccharides are treated in a summary manner. References are made to structure and biosynthesis relatedness between exopolysaccharides of different bacterial taxa as well as between bacterial polysaccharides and mammalian glycosaminoglycans.
polysaccharide structure, Gram-negative bacteria, capsule, Biofilm, polysaccharide biosynthesis, gram-positive bacteria, Monosaccharide composition, Bacterial exopolysaccharide, non-sugar component
Publication DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819475-1.00005-5Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: marie-rose.vancalsteren@canada.ca; yknirel@gmail.com
Editors: Barchi J, Kamerling H
Institutions: N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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12. Compound ID: 6162
Structure type: homopolymer
Trivial name: pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-1,6-D-glucan, β(1-6)-D-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, β-(1,6)-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, β-1,6-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, pustulan, β-(1→6)-glucan PCPS, water-soluble glucan (PS-I)
Compound class: EPS, O-polysaccharide, cell wall polysaccharide, glycoprotein, glucan, polysaccharide, cell wall glucoprotein
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_192
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 2755
Simpson CL, Cheetham NWH, Giffard PM, Jacques NA "Four glucosyltransferases, GtfJ, GtfK, GtfL and GtfM, from Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975" -
Microbiology 141 (1995) 1451-1460
The four recombinant glucosyltransferases (GTFs), GtfJ, GtfK, GtfL and GtfM, that had previously been cloned from Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975, were individually expressed in Escherichia coli and their glucan products and kinetic properties were analysed. GtfJ was a primer-dependent GTF which synthesized an insoluble glucan composed mainly of α-(1→3)-linked glucosyl residues in the presence of dextran T-10. GtfK was primer-stimulated, and produced a linear soluble dextran without any detectable branch points both in the absence and in the presence of dextran T-10. GtfL was primer-independent and produced a mixed-linkage insoluble glucan composed of approximately equal proportions of α-(1→3)- and α-(1→6)-linked glucosyl residues. GtfL was inhibited by dextran T-10. GtfM was primer-independent and produced a soluble dextran with approximately 5% α-(1→3)-linked glucosyl residues. GtfM was essentially unaffected by the presence of dextran T-10. The results confirmed that each enzyme represented one of the four possible combinations of primer-dependency and product solubility and that each possessed unique biosynthetic properties. The soluble dextrans formed by GtfK and GtfM, as well as the mixed-linkage insoluble glucan formed by GtfL, were also capable of acting as primers for the primer-dependent GtfJ and the primer-stimulated GtfK. Unexpectedly, the linear dextran produced by GtfK was by far the least effective either at priming itself or at activating and priming the primer-dependent GtfJ.
13C-NMR, Streptococcus salivarius, Glucosyltransferases, kinetics, Glucans
NCBI PubMed ID: 7545511Publication DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-6-1451Journal NLM ID: 0376646Publisher: Washington, DC: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Institutions: Institute of Dental Research, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia
- Article ID: 5267
Agarwal S, Specht CA, Haibin H, Ostroff GR, Ram S, Rice PA, Levitz SM "Linkage specificity and role of properdin in activation of the alternative complement pathway by fungal glycans" -
mBio 2(5) (2011) 1-10
Fungal cell walls are predominantly composed of glucans, mannans, and chitin. Recognition of these glycans by the innate immune system is a critical component of host defenses against the mycoses. Complement, an important arm of innate immunity, plays a significant role in fungal pathogenesis, especially the alternative pathway (AP). Here we determine that the glycan monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkages affect AP activation and C3 deposition. Furthermore, properdin, a positive regulator of the AP, contributes to these functions. AP activation by glycan particles that varied in composition and linkage was measured by C3a generation in serum treated with 10 mM EGTA and 10 mM Mg(2+) (Mg-EGTA-treated serum) (AP specific; properdin functional) or Mg-EGTA-treated serum that lacked functional properdin. Particles that contained either β1→3 or β1→6 glucans or both generated large and similar amounts of C3a when the AP was intact. Blocking properdin function resulted in 5- to 10-fold-less C3a production by particulate β1→3 glucans. However, particulate β1→6 glucans generated C3a via the AP only in the presence of intact properdin. Interestingly, zymosan and glucan-mannan particles (GMP), which contain both β-glucans and mannans, also required properdin to generate C3a. The β1→4 glycans chitin and chitosan minimally activated C3 even when properdin was functional. Finally, properdin binding to glucan particles (GP) and zymosan in serum required active C3. Properdin colocalized with bound C3, suggesting that in the presence of serum, properdin bound indirectly to glycans through C3 convertases. These findings provide a better understanding of how properdin facilitates AP activation by fungi through interaction with the cell wall components.
properdin
NCBI PubMed ID: 21878570Publication DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00178-11Journal NLM ID: 101519231Publisher: Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
Correspondence: sarika.agarwal@umassmed.edu
Institutions: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
Methods: enzyme immunoassay, electrophoresis, extraction, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry
- Article ID: 5270
Cherid H, Foto M, Miller JD "Performance of two different limulus amebocyte lysate assays for the quantitation of fungal glucan" -
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 8(9) (2011) 540-543
This study examined the response of various forms and sources of glucans toward two different Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) methods, the modified LAL, and Glucatell. The glucans studied were curdlan, laminarin, yeast glucan, barley glucan, paramylon, pullulan, pustulan, mannan, and pachyman (as part of the Glucatell kit). Both methods provided largely similar results for each of the glucans; however, the Glucatell method yielded slightly higher responses to certain structures that may not necessarily be of fungal origin, leading to falsely greater positive results. The performance of each method to measure fungal glucan concentration specifically was then assessed.
glucan, Curdlan, dectin receptor, glucatell, LAL, Limulus amebocyte lysate
NCBI PubMed ID: 21830869Publication DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2011.601994Journal NLM ID: 101189458Publisher: London: Informa Healthcare
Correspondence: david_miller@carleton.ca
Institutions: Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, Paracel Laboratory Ltd., Ottawa, Canada
Methods: HPSEC, spectrophotometry
- Article ID: 5632
Lee G, Nowak W, Jaroniec J, Zhang Q, Marszalek PE "Molecular dynamics simulations of forced conformational transitions in 1,6-linked polysaccharides" -
Biophysical Journal 87(3) (2004) 1456-1465
Recent atomic force microscopy stretching measurements of single polysaccharide molecules suggest that their elasticity is governed by force-induced conformational transitions of the pyranose ring. However, the mechanism of these transitions and the mechanics of the pyranose ring are not fully understood. Here we use steered molecular dynamics simulations of the stretching process to unravel the mechanism of forced conformational transitions in 1,6 linked polysaccharides. In contrast to most sugars, 1,6 linked polysaccharides have an extra bond in their inter-residue linkage, C5-C6, around which restricted rotations occur and this additional degree of freedom increases the mechanical complexity of these polymers. By comparing the computational results with the atomic force microscopy data we determine that forced rotations around the C5-C6 bond have a significant and different impact on the elasticity of α- and β-linked polysaccharides. β-linkages of a polysaccharide pustulan force the rotation around the C5-C6 bonds and produce a Hookean-like elasticity but do not affect the conformation of the pyranose rings. However, α-linkages of dextran induce compound conformational transitions that include simultaneous rotations around the C5-C6 bonds and chair-boat transitions of the pyranose rings. These previously not-recognized transitions are responsible for the characteristic plateau in the force-extension relationship of dextran
molecular dynamics, Glucans, atomic force microscopy, Dextran
NCBI PubMed ID: 15345528Publication DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.042879Journal NLM ID: 0370626Publisher: Cambridge, MA: Cell Press
Correspondence: Marszalek PE
Institutions: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, USA, Center for Bioinspired Materials and Material Systems, Duke University, Durham, USA, Institute of Physics, Nicholaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Methods: molecular modeling, AFM
- Article ID: 5676
Hanashima S, Götze S, Liu Y, Ikeda A, Kojima-Aikawa K, Taniguchi N, Silva DV, Feizi T, Seeberger PH, Yamaguchi Y "Defining the Interaction of human soluble lectin ZG16p and mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides" -
Chembiochem: a European Journal of Chemical Biology 16(10) (2015) 1502-1511
ZG16p is a soluble mammalian lectin that interacts with mannose and heparan sulfate. Here we describe detailed analysis of the interaction of human ZG16p with mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) by glycan microarray and NMR. Pathogen-related glycan microarray analysis identified phosphatidylinositol mono- and di-mannosides (PIM1 and PIM2) as novel ligand candidates of ZG16p. Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR and transferred NOE experiments with chemically synthesized PIM glycans indicate that PIMs preferentially interact with ZG16p by using the mannose residues. The binding site of PIM was identified by chemical-shift perturbation experiments with uniformly 15N-labeled ZG16p. NMR results with docking simulations suggest a binding mode of ZG16p and PIM glycan; this will help to elucidate the physiological role of ZG16p
NMR spectroscopy, chemical synthesis, lectins, carbohydrate microarrays, microarrays, phosphatidyl inositol mannoside
NCBI PubMed ID: 25919894Publication DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500103Journal NLM ID: 100937360Publisher: Weinheim, Germany: Wiley Interscience
Correspondence: Yamaguchi Y
Institutions: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany, Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Japan, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK, The Glycoscience Institute, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan, Disease Glycomics Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Japan
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, DNA cloning, DNA techniques, chemical synthesis, enzymatic digestion, ion-exchange chromatography, molecular modeling, 15N NMR, SEC, column chromatography, binding assays, cell growth, gene expression, sonication, centrifugation
- Article ID: 5715
Singh RP, Rajarammohan S, Thakur R, Hassan M "Linear and branched β-glucans degrading enzymes from versatile Bacteroides uniformis JCM 13288 T and their roles in cooperation with gut bacteria" -
Gut Microbes 12(1) (2020) ID e1826761
β-glucans are the dietary nutrients present in oats, barley, algae, and mushrooms. The macromolecules are well known for their immune-modulatory activity; however, how the human gut bacteria digest them is vaguely understood. In this study, Bacteroides uniformis JCM 13288 T was found to grow on laminarin, pustulan, and porphyran. We sequenced the genome of the strain, which was about 5.05 megabase pairs and contained 4868 protein-coding genes. On the basis of growth patterns of the bacterium, two putative polysaccharide utilization loci for β-glucans were identified from the genome, and associated four putative genes were cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized. Three glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that were endo-acting enzymes (BuGH16, BuGH30, and BuGH158), and one which was an exo-acting (BuGH3) enzyme. The BuGH3, BuGH16, and BuGH158 can cleave linear exo/endo-β-1-3 linkages while BuGH30 can digest endo-β-1-6 linkages. BuGH30 and BuGH158 were further explored for their roles in digesting β-glucans and generation of oligosaccharides, respectively. The BuGH30 predominately found to cleave long chain β-1-6-linked glucans, and obtained final product was gentiobiose. The BuGH158 used for producing oligosaccharides varying from degree of polymerization 2 to 7 from soluble curdlan. We demonstrated that these oligosaccharides can be utilized by gut bacteria, which either did not grow or poorly grew on laminarin. Thus, B. uniformis JCM 13288 T is not only capable of utilizing β-glucans but also shares these glycans with human gut bacteria for potentially maintaining the gut microbial homeostasis.
Enzymes, cross-feeding, glycan utilization, gut bacteria, macroalgae
NCBI PubMed ID: 33043794Publication DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1826761Journal NLM ID: 101495343Publisher: Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis
Correspondence: r.p.singh@nabi.res.in
Institutions: Food and Nutrition Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India, Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, PCR, DNA sequencing, SDS-PAGE, TLC, ELISA, alkaline hydrolysis, enzymatic digestion, affinity chromatography, MALDI-TOF, cloning, cell growth, enzymatic assay, gene expression, DNA extraction, spectrophotometry, Bradford method, centrifugation, DEPT-135, BLASTp, DNS method
- Article ID: 5823
Padmanabhan A, Shah N "Structural characterization of exopolysaccharide from Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275" -
Journal of Dairy Science 103(8) (2020) 6830-6842
In this study, we purified and characterized exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by a high-EPS-producing dairy starter bacterium, Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275. Crude EPS was extracted from S. thermophilus ASCC 1275 and partially purified using dialysis. Further purification and fractionation of exopolysaccharide was conducted using HPLC on a Superose 6 column (Cytiva/Global Life Sciences Solutions, Marlborough, MA). Glycosyl composition analysis, linkage analysis along with 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed to deduce the structure of EPS. Three fractions (F) obtained from gel permeation chromatography were termed F1 (2.6%), F2 (45.8%), and F3 (51.6%) with average molecular weights of approximately 511, 40, and 5 kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed the dominance of glucose, galactose, and mannose in all 3 fractions. Major linkages observed in F3 were terminal galactopyranosyl (t-Gal), 3-linked glucopyranosyl (3-Glc), 3-linked galactofuranosyl (3-Galf), and 3,6-linked glucopyranosyl (3,6-Glc) and major linkages present in F2 were 4-Glc (48 mol%), followed by terminal mannopyranosyl (t-Man), 2- + 3-linked mannopyranosyl (2-Man+3-Man), and 2,6-linked mannopyranosyl (2,6-Man; total ~28 mol%). The 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that F2 comprised mannans linked by (1→2) linkages and F3 consisted of linear chains of α-d-glucopyranosyl (α-d-Glcp), β-d-glucopyranosyl (β-d-Glcp), and β-d-galactofuranosyl (β-d-Galf) connected by (1→3) linkages; branching was through (1→6) linkage in F3. A possible structure of EPS in F2 and F3 was proposed.
structure, exopolysaccharide, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), glycosyl linkage
NCBI PubMed ID: 32475665Publication DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17439Journal NLM ID: 2985126RPublisher: Champaign, IL: American Dairy Science Association
Correspondence: npshah@hku.hk
Institutions: Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GC-MS, composition analysis, HPLC, enzymatic digestion, SEC
- Article ID: 6511
Mizuno T, Inagaki R, Kanao T, Hagiwara T, Nakamura T, Ito H, Shimura K, Sumiya T, Asakura A "Studies on the host-mediated antitumor polysaccharide. Part XIV. Antitumor activity and some properties of water-insoluble hetero-glycans from 'Himematsutake,' the fruiting body of Agaricus blazei murill" -
Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54 (1990) 2897-2905
Journal NLM ID: 0370452Publisher: Tokyo: Agricultural Chemical Society Of Japan
- Article ID: 6526
Kapteyn JC, Montijn RC, Dijkgraaf GJP, Klis FM "Identification of β-1,6-glucosylated cell wall proteins in yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans" -
European Journal of Cell Biology 65 (1994) 402-407
Several cell wall proteins released from yeast and hyphal cells of Candida albicans by laminarinase reacted with an affinity-purified antiserum raised against β-1,6-glucan. Binding of the antiserum was competitively inhibited by β-1,6-glucan, but not by β-1,3-glucan or isolated N-chains. Immunodetection was completely abolished when the proteins were treated with periodate. These results demonstrate that the laminarinase-released wall proteins of C. albicans possess an epitope consisting of β-1,6-linked glucose residues. The yeast form of C. albicans contained four β-1,6-glucosylated wall proteins, an Endo H-resistant protein of 125 kDa and three glycoproteins which became only detectable after Endo H digestion and had a molecular mass of 320, 170 and 44 kDa, respectively. As for the hyphal form, a different set of β-1,6-glucosylated wall proteins was found consisting of two Endo H-resistant glycoproteins of 125 and 80 kDa, respectively, and two glycoproteins that after Endo H digestion had a molecular mass of 320 and 38 kDa, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-extractable wall proteins and medium proteins did not react with the β-1,6-glucan antiserum. The β-1,6-glucan epitope could be removed by aqueous hydrofluoric acid indicating that the epitope is phosphodiester-linked to the cell wall proteins. It is speculated that the epitope forms part of a GPI-anchor and might be involved in the anchoring of mannoproteins into the cell wall.
NCBI PubMed ID: 7536675Journal NLM ID: 7906240Institutions: Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Article ID: 6565
Sanjuán R, Zueco J, Stock R, de Mora JF, Sentandreu R "Identification of glucan-mannoprotein complexes in the cell wall of Candida albicans using a monoclonal antibody that reacts with a (1,6)-b-glucan epitope" -
Microbiology 141 (1995) 1545-1551
The use of a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) that reacts with (1,6)-β-glucan has permitted the study of the different covalent linkages between glucan and mannoproteins in the cell wall of Candida albicans. The mAb JRR1 was originally raised by immunization with Zymolyase extracts from C. albicans cell walls, but it soon became apparent that it reacted with a (1,6)-β-glucan epitope. By using this antibody, we show the existence of glucan-mannoprotein complexes between the (1,6)-β-glucan epitope recognized by the antibody and cell wall mannoproteins. The topology of the (1,6)-β-glucan in the cell wall of C. albicans has also been studied.
NCBI PubMed ID: 7551022Journal NLM ID: 0376646Publisher: Washington, DC: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Institutions: Departamento de Microbiología, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.
- Article ID: 6594
Lu CF, Montijn RC, Brown JL, Klis F, Kurjan J, Bussey H, Lipke PN "Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-dependent cross-linking of a-agglutinin and b 1,6-glucan in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall" -
Journal of Cell Biology 128 (1995) 333-340
The cell adhesion protein alpha-agglutinin is bound to the outer surface of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall and mediates cell-cell contact in mating. α-Agglutinin is modified by addition of a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor as it traverses the secretory pathway. The presence of a GPI anchor is essential for cross-linking into the wall, but the fatty acid and inositol components of the anchor are lost before cell wall association (Lu, C.-F., J. Kurjan, and P. N. Lipke, 1994. A pathway for cell wall anchorage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-agglutinin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4825-4833). Cell wall association of α-agglutinin was accompanied by an increase in size and a gain in reactivity to antibodies directed against β-1,6-glucan. Several kre mutants, which have defects in synthesis of cell wall β-1,6-glucan, had reduced molecular size of cell wall α-agglutinin. These findings demonstrate that the cell wall form of α-agglutinin is covalently associated with β-1,6-glucan. The α-agglutinin biosynthetic precursors did not react with antibody to β-1,6-glucan, and the sizes of these forms were unaffected in kre mutants. A COOH-terminal truncated form of α-agglutinin, which is not GPI anchored and is secreted into the medium, did not react with the anti-β-1,6-glucan. We propose that extracellular cross-linkage to β-1,6-glucan mediates covalent association of α-agglutinin with the cell wall in a manner that is dependent on prior addition of a GPI anchor to α-agglutinin.
NCBI PubMed ID: 7844147Journal NLM ID: 0375356Publisher: New York: Rockefeller University Press
Institutions: Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York 10021
- Article ID: 6625
Klis FM "Review: cell wall assembly in yeast" -
Yeast 10 (1994) 851-869
NCBI PubMed ID: 7985414Publication DOI: 10.1002/yea.320100702Journal NLM ID: 8607637Publisher: Chichester, Wiley
Institutions: BioCentrum Amsterdam, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Article ID: 6626
Hong Z, Mann P, Shaw KJ, Didomenico B "Analysis of b-glucans and chitin in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall mutant using high-performance liquid chromatography" -
Yeast 10 (1994) 1083-1092
We have previously shown that mutations in the yeast KNR4 gene resulted in pleiotropic cell wall defects, including resistance to killer 9 toxin, elevated osmotic sensitivity to SDS and increased resistance to zymolyase, a (1-->3)-β-glucanase. In this report, we further demonstrated that knr4 mutant cells were more permeable to a chromogenic substrate, X-GAL, suggesting that the mutant cell walls were leakier to certain non-permeable molecules. To determine if these defects resulted from structural changes in the cell walls, we analysed the alkali-insoluble cell wall components using HPLC assays developed for this purpose. Comparative analysis using four isogenic strains from a 'knr4 disrupted' tetrad demonstrated that mutant cell walls contained much less (1-->3)-β-glucan and (1-->6)-β-glucan; however, the level of chitin, a minor cell wall component, was found to be five times higher in the mutant strains compared to the wild-type strains. The data suggested that the knr4 mutant cell walls were dramatically weakened, which may explain the pleiotropic cell wall defects.
NCBI PubMed ID: 7992508Publication DOI: 10.1002/yea.320100810Journal NLM ID: 8607637Publisher: Chichester, Wiley
Institutions: Chemotherapy and Molecular Genetics, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-0539
Methods: acid hydrolysis, HPLC, enzymatic digestion, periodate oxidation, in vivo labeling
- Article ID: 6684
Sarthy AV, McGonigal T, Coen M, Frost DJ, Meulbroek JA, Goldman RC "Phenotype in Candida albicans of a disruption of the BGL2 gene encoding a 1,3-beta-glucosyltransferase" -
Microbiology 143(Pt2) (1997) 367-376
The BGL2 gene encodes a unique 1,3-beta-glucosyltransferase (Bgl2p) present in the cell wall of Candida albicans and other fungi. Although believed to be involved in cell wall assembly, disruption of the gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed no apparent phenotype. We performed sequential disruptions of the BGL2 loci in a homozygous ura3 clinical isolate of C. albicans using the URA3 blaster method, in order to investigate the role of Bgl2p in this dimorphic, pathogenic fungus. Strain CACW-1 contained disruptions of both homologues of the BGL2 gene and lacked Bgl2p, as assessed by protein extraction, SDS-PACE and Western blot analysis, and enzyme assay; however, residual non-Bgl2p transferase activity was detected. CACW-1 was attenuated in virulence for mice when compared to an isogenic parent strain, and fewer organisms were recovered from the kidneys of infected animals. Additional phenotypic changes included: (1) a dramatic increase in the sensitivity to the chitin synthesis inhibitor nikkomycin Z when CACW-1 cells were incubated at 37 or 42 degrees C; (2) an 8.7 +/- 1.6% slower growth rate at 37 degrees C for CACW-1 when compared to its isogenic parent; and (3) aggregation of CACW-1 cells during stationary phase and/or incubation of stationary phase cells in phosphate buffer. Characterization of SDS-extracted cell walls did not reveal any significant differences in the levels of 1,3-beta- or 1,6-beta-glucan. These data reveal that loss of Bgl2p does have a phenotype in C. albicans, and indicate that (1) loss of Bgl2p function renders cells more dependent on chitin for wall integrity, and attenuates virulence (probably due to subtle changes in walt structure), and (2) that additional 1,3-beta-glucosyltransferases are present in the C. albicans BGL2 disruptant.
Candida albicans, BGL2, transglycosylation
NCBI PubMed ID: 9043114Journal NLM ID: 0376646Publisher: Washington, DC: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Correspondence: robert.goldrnan@abbott.com
Institutions: Anti-infective Research Division, D47M/AP9AI 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA
Methods: SDS-PAGE, glycosyltransferase assays, Western blotting, biological assays, genetic methods, Southern blotting
- Article ID: 6910
Vasconcelos AF, Monteiro NK, Dekker RF, Barbosa AM, Carbonero ER, Silveira JL, Sassaki GL, da Silva R, de Lourdes Corradi da Silva M "Three exopolysaccharides of the β-(1→6)-d-glucan type and a β-(1→3;1→6)-d-glucan produced by strains of Botryosphaeria rhodina isolated from rotting tropical fruit" -
Carbohydrate Research 343(14) (2008) 2481-2485
Four exopolysaccharides (EPS) obtained from Botryosphaeria rhodina strains isolated from rotting tropical fruit (graviola, mango, pinha, and orange) grown on sucrose were purified on Sepharose CL-4B. Total acid hydrolysis of each EPS yielded only glucose. Data from methylation analysis and (13)C NMR spectroscopy indicated that the EPS from the graviola isolate consisted of a main chain of glucopyranosyl (1-->3) linkages substituted at O-6 as shown in the putative structure below: [carbohydrate structure: see text]. The EPS of the other fungal isolates consisted of a linear chain of (1-->6)-linked glucopyranosyl residues of the following structure: [carbohydrate structure: see text]. FTIR spectra showed one band at 891 cm(-1), and (13)C NMR spectroscopy showed that all glucosidic linkages were of the beta-configuration. Dye-inclusion studies with Congo Red indicated that each EPS existed in a triple-helix conformational state. beta-(1-->6)-d-Glucans produced as exocellular polysaccharides by fungi are uncommon.
exopolysaccharides, Botryosphaeria rhodina isolates, β(1-6)-d-Glucans, β(1-3;1-6)-d-Glucans, Triple-helix conformation
NCBI PubMed ID: 18639868Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.013Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: corradi@fct.unesp.br (M. de Lourdes Corradi da Silva)
Institutions: Departamento de Física, Química e Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CP 467, CEP 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CP 199, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil, Universidad de Castilla—La Mancha, Instituto de Regional Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia—CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CP 6001, CEP 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
Methods: 13C NMR, methylation, GC-MS, sugar analysis, conformation analysis, acid hydrolysis, FTIR, GPC, HPAEC-PAD, dialysis
- Article ID: 6911
de Lourdes Corradi da Silva M, Fukuda EK, Vasconcelos AF, Dekker RF, Matias AC, Monteiro NK, Cardoso MS, Barbosa AM, Silveira JL, Sassaki GL, Carbonero ER "Structural characterization of the cell wall d-glucans isolated from the mycelium of Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05" -
Carbohydrate Research 343(4) (2008) 793-798
Three D-glucans were isolated from the mycelium of the fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 by sequential extraction with hot-water and hot aqueous KOH (2% w/v) followed by ethanol precipitation. Following their purification by gel permeation chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B, the structural characteristics of the D-glucans were determined by FT-IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and, after methylation, by GC-MS. The hot-water extract produced a fraction designated Q1A that was a beta-(1-->6)-D-glucan with the following structure: [Formula: see text] The alkaline extract, when subjected to repeated freeze-thawing, yielded two fractions: K1P (insoluble) that comprised a beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan with beta-D-glucose branches at C-6 with the structure: [Formula: see text] and K1SA (soluble) consisting of a backbone chain of alpha-(1-->4)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residues substituted at O-6 with alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues: [Formula: see text]
Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, Fungal cell wall polysaccharides, d-Glucans
NCBI PubMed ID: 18237722Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.12.021Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: corradi@fct.unesp.br (M. de Lourdes Corradi da Silva)
Institutions: Departamento de Física, Química e Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CP 467, CEP 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Universidad de Castilla—La Mancha, Instituto de Regional Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia—CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CP 6001, CEP 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
Methods: 13C NMR, methylation, GC-MS, sugar analysis, acid hydrolysis, FTIR, GPC, HPAEC-PAD, extraction, acetylation, reduction
- Article ID: 6992
Zhang M, Cui SW, Chening PC, Wang Q "Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumor activity" -
Trends in Food Science and Technology 18(1) (2007) 4-19
Mushrooms have been valued as edible and medicinal resources, and antitumor substances have been identified in many mushroom species. Polysaccharides are the best known and most potent mushroom-derived substances with antitumor and immunomodulating properties. Although the isolation process, structural characterization and antitumor activity of mushroom polysaccharides have been extensively investigated in the past three decades, the relationship between the antitumor activity and the chemical composition as well as the high order structure of their active components is still not well established. These studies are still in progress in many laboratories, and the role of polysaccharides as antitumor agent is especially under intense debate. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the available information, and to reflect the current status of this research area with a view for future direction.
structure, biological activity, mushrooms, antitumor polysaccharides
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.07.013Journal NLM ID: 9426004Publisher: Cambridge, UK: Elsevier Trends Journals
Correspondence: cuis@agr.gc.ca (SW Cui)
Institutions: Food research program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 5C9, The Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, HK, China
Methods: methylation, NMR, composition analysis, HPLC
- Article ID: 7014
Backhaus K, Buchwald U, Heppeler N, Schmitz HP, Rodicio R, Heinisch JJ "Milk and sugar: Regulation of cell wall synthesis in the milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis" -
European Journal of Cell Biology 90(9) (2011) 745-750
The milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis is an alternative model yeast to the well established Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cell wall of these fungi consists of polysaccharides (i.e. long chains of β-1,3- and β-1,6-linked sugar chains and some chitin) and mannoproteins, both of which are continually adapted to environmental conditions in terms of their abundance and organization. This implies the need to perceive signals at the cell surface and to transform them into a proper cellular response. The signal transduction cascade involved in this process is generally referred to as the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. CWI signaling and cell wall composition have been extensively studied in the Baker's yeast S. cerevisiae and are also of interest in other yeast species with commercial potential, such as K. lactis. We here summarize the results obtained in the past years on CWI signaling in K. lactis and use a comparative approach to the findings obtained in S. cerevisiae to highlight special adaptations to their natural environments.
cell wall proteome, MAP kinase cascade, protein kinase C, transmission electron microscopy
NCBI PubMed ID: 21628080Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.04.005Journal NLM ID: 7906240Correspondence: heinisch@biologie.uni-osnabrueck.de
Institutions: Department of Genetics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias,Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
Methods: transmission electron microscopy
- Article ID: 7135
Nandan CK, Sarkar R, Bhanja SK, Sikdar SR, Islam SS "Isolation and characterization of polysaccharides of a hybrid mushroom (backcross mating between PfloVv12 and Volvariella volvacea)." -
Carbohydrate Research 346(15) (2011) 2451-2456
Three polysaccharide fractions (PS-I, PS-II, and PS-III) were isolated from the aqueous extract of a hybrid mushroom obtained through backcross mating of a somatic hybrid mushroom PfloVv12 (Sterile line) with Volvariella volvacea. PfloVv12 was obtained through protoplast fusion of Pleurotus florida and V. volvacea. PS-I was identified as 1,6-β glucan. PS-II and PS-III were identified as mannoglucogalactan but differing in molecular weights only. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR experiment ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) the structures of these polysaccharides were established as: PS-I is -6)bDGlcp(1-, PS-II and PS-III is -6)[bDManp(1-2)]aDGlcp(1-6)aDGalp(1-.
structure, polysaccharide, NMR spectroscopy, Hybrid mushroom
NCBI PubMed ID: 21924407Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.08.019Journal NLM ID: 0043535Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: Islam SS
Institutions: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India, Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics Section, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GLC-MS, acid hydrolysis, GLC, extraction, periodate oxidation, optical rotation measurement, methylation analysis, HMBC, DEPT, NOESY
- Article ID: 7500
Gow NAR, Latge JP, Munro CA "The fungal cell wall: structure, biosynthesis, and function" -
Microbiology Spectrum 5(3) (2017) FUNK-0035
The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.
NCBI PubMed ID: 28513415Publication DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0035-2016Journal NLM ID: 101634614Publisher: Washington, DC: ASM Press
Correspondence: n.gow@abdn.ac.uk
Institutions: Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Article ID: 7675
Túrmina JA, Carraro E, Alves da Cunha MA, Dekker RFH, Barbosa AM, Dos Santos FS, Silva LA, Malfatti CRM "Toxicological assessment of β-(1→6)-glucan (lasiodiplodan) in mice during a 28-day feeding study by gavage" -
Molecules 17(12) (2012) 14298-14309
Studies evaluating the toxicity caused by fungal exopolysaccharides of the β-(1→6)-D-glucan type are rare. In this study, the toxicological effects of sub-chronic treatments with lasiodiplodan (β-(1→6)-D-glucan from Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI) were evaluated in mice through the assessment of biochemical, hematological, and histopathological alterations. Thirty-two mice (16 male, 16 female) were used in this study divided in two groups; one group received lasiodiplodan (50 mg/kg body weight) daily for 28 days via gavage, and another (control group) received saline during the same period. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for hematological and biochemical analyses. Liver, heart, kidney, and spleen were collected for histopathological analysis. Statistical analysis was performed through one-way analysis of variance and only p < 0.05 F-values were presented. Significant reduction in blood glucose in the male group (35%; p < 0.01), transaminases activity in both sexes (AST and ALT; ~35%; p < 0.05), and urea (20%; p < 0.01) in the female group was observed with the lasiodiplodan treatment. The results showed that sub-chronic treatments with lasiodiplodan did not generate hematological and histopathological alterations leading to signs of toxicity in healthy mice, independent of gender.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI, fungal β-glucan, toxicity evaluation, Swiss albino mice
NCBI PubMed ID: 23208465Publication DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214298Journal NLM ID: 100964009Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI
Correspondence: Túrmina JA
; Carraro E ; Dos Santos FS ; Silva LA ; Alves da Cunha MA ; Dekker RF ; Barbosa AM ; Malfatti CRM
Institutions: Pharmaceutical Science and Biodiversity Postgraduate Programs, Midwest State University, Campus CEDETEG, Guarapuava, Brazil, Department of Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Parana, Pato Branco, Brazil, Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
Methods: biological assays, extraction, cell growth, precipitation
- Article ID: 7676
Alves da Cunha MA, Túrmina JA, Ivanov RC, Barroso RR, Marques PT, Fonseca EAI, Fortes ZB, Dekker RFH, Khaper N, Barbosa AM "Lasiodiplodan, an exocellular (1→6)-β-D-glucan from Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI: production on glucose, fermentation kinetics, rheology and anti-proliferative activity" -
Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 39(8) (2012) 1179-1188
Lasiodiplodan, an exopolysaccharide of the (1→6)-β-D-glucan type, is produced by Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI when grown under submerged culture on glucose. The objective of this study was to evaluate lasiodiplodan production by examining the effects of carbon (glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose) and nitrogen sources (KNO3, (NH4)2SO4, urea, yeast extract, peptone), its production in shake flasks compared to a stirred-tank bioreactor, and to study the rheology of lasiodiplodan, and lasiodiplodan's anti-proliferative effect on breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Although glucose (2.05 ± 0.05 g/L), maltose (2.08 ± 0.04 g/L) and yeast extract (2.46 ± 0.06 g/L) produced the highest amounts of lasiodiplodan, urea as N source resulted in more lasiodiplodan per unit biomass than yeast extract (0.74 ± 0.006 vs. 0.22 ± 0.008 g/g). A comparison of the fermentative parameters of L. theobromae MMPI in shake flasks and a stirred-tank bioreactor at 120 h on glucose as carbon source showed maximum lasiodiplodan production in agitated flasks (7.01 ± 0.07 g/L) with a specific yield of 0.25 ± 0.57 g/g and a volumetric productivity of 0.06 ± 0.001 g/(L·h). A factorial 2^2 statistical design developed to evaluate the effect of glucose concentration (20-60 g/L) and impeller speed (100-200 rpm) on lasiodiplodan production in the bioreactor showed the highest production (6.32 g/L) at 72 h. Lasiodiplodan presented pseudoplastic behaviour, and the apparent viscosity increased at 60°C in the presence of CaCl2. Anti-proliferative activity of lasiodiplodan was demonstrated in MCF-7 cells, which was time- and dose-dependent with an IC(50) of 100 μg lasiodiplodan/mL.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae, lasiodiplodan, (1→6)-β-D-glucan, carbon and nitrogen nutrients, anti-proliferative activity, breast cancer cells (MCF-7)
NCBI PubMed ID: 22399240Publication DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1112-2Journal NLM ID: 9705544Correspondence: Túrmina JA
; Alves da Cunha MA ; Dekker RF ; Barbosa AM
Institutions: Department of Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Parana, Pato Branco, Brazil, Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada, Department of Pharmacy, State University of West Paraná, Cascavel, Brazil, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
Methods: IR, acid hydrolysis, HPAEC-PAD, colorimetry, extraction, cell growth, precipitation, centrifugation, MTT
- Article ID: 7677
Narui T, Sawada K, Culberson CF, Culberson WL, Shibata S "Pustulan-Type polysaccharides as a constant character of the Umbilicariaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina)" -
The Bryologist 102(1) (1999) 80-85
A 13C-NMR study of 56 species of Umbilicariaceae shows that pustulan-type polysaccharides, previously known from only 11 species, are apparently constant in the family. For most species analyzed, the high concentration of this single linear homoglucan enables its detection in very small samples, in this case primarily the same ones used earlier to identify secondary products by HPLC and TLC. For chemical analysis, pustulan is extracted with boiling water. Using sections prepared for SEM, however, even cold water extracted some pustulan from two species containing only trace amounts of secondary products, but not from two others having them in high concentrations. The thallus structure, observed with SEM, was altered in the first pair, but scarcely changed in the second. Pustulan is less readily extracted from thalli with high concentrations of secondary products.
glucan, lichens, Pustulan, Umbilicariaceae
Publication DOI: 10.2307/3244464Journal NLM ID: 100955480Publisher: American Bryological and Lichenological Society
Correspondence: tnarui@my-pharm.ac.jp
Institutions: Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan, Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, USA, Shibata Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Materials, %Minophagen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Methods: 13C NMR, TLC, HPLC, extraction, SEM
- Article ID: 7782
Maeda YY, Chihara G "Lentinan and other antitumoral polysaccharides" -
Book: Immunomodulatory agents from plants (1999) Vol. 1, Chapter 8, 203-221
Despite a great deal of effort made by many researchers throughout the world, chemotherapeutic agents that attack cancer cells directly do not seem to have the expected effects except on some leukaemias. Besides, these agents show strong toxicity to the host, and reduce the host defense against infections, especially destroying lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. To find a new cancer drug that can activate or restore host defense mechanisms, we examined fungi, which had traditionally been said to be effective against cancer in Japan and other Asian countries, such as Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. and Coriolus versicolor (Fr.) Quél., and several kinds of Japanese edible mushrooms. Test substances were administered intraperitoneally and screened for their ability to inhibit the growth of sarcoma 180 cells subcutaneously transplanted into swiss or ICR mice. This method, reported by Nakahara et al. [1], has been proven to be simple and suitable for screening of host-mediated anticancer drugs. Table 1 shows various antitumoral polysaccharides including lentinan that were isolated from fungi, basidiomysetes and yeast. Lentinan, a (1→3)-β-D-glucan with (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside branches isolated from an edible mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing., exhibits a marked antitumor effect against sarcoma 180 cells transplanted subcutaneously at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for ten days (Fig. 1) [2–4]. Its chemical and physical characteristics are listed in Table 2.
Francisella tularensis, Edible mushroom, delay type hypersensitivity, Lewis lung carcinoma, recurrent gastric cancer
Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8763-2_8Publisher: Berlin: Birkhäuser Basel
Editors: Wagner H
Institutions: Department of Laboratory Animal Science, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Ajinomoto Co. Ltd, Yokohama, Japan
- Article ID: 7825
Chan GC, Chan WK, Sze DM "The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells" -
Journal of Hematology and Oncology 2(25) (2009) 1-11
Non-prescriptional use of medicinal herbs among cancer patients is common around the world. The alleged anti-cancer effects of most herbal extracts are mainly based on studies derived from in vitro or in vivo animal experiments. The current information suggests that these herbal extracts exert their biological effect either through cytotoxic or immunomodulatory mechanisms. One of the active compounds responsible for the immune effects of herbal products is in the form of complex polysaccharides known as β-glucans. β-glucans are ubiquitously found in both bacterial or fungal cell walls and have been implicated in the initiation of anti-microbial immune response. Based on in vitro studies, β-glucans act on several immune receptors including Dectin-1, complement receptor (CR3) and TLR-2/6 and trigger a group of immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. As a consequence, both innate and adaptive response can be modulated by β-glucans and they can also enhance opsonic and non-opsonic phagocytosis. In animal studies, after oral administration, the specific backbone 1-->3 linear β-glycosidic chain of β-glucans cannot be digested. Most β-glucans enter the proximal small intestine and some are captured by the macrophages. They are internalized and fragmented within the cells, then transported by the macrophages to the marrow and endothelial reticular system. The small β-glucans fragments are eventually released by the macrophages and taken up by other immune cells leading to various immune responses. However, β-glucans of different sizes and branching patterns may have significantly variable immune potency. Careful selection of appropriate β-glucans is essential if we wish to investigate the effects of β-glucans clinically. So far, no good quality clinical trial data is available on assessing the effectiveness of purified β-glucans among cancer patients. Future effort should direct at performing well-designed clinical trials to verify the actual clinical efficacy of β-glucans or β-glucans containing compounds.
antitumor activity
NCBI PubMed ID: 19515245Publication DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-25Journal NLM ID: 101468937Publisher: London: Biomed Central
Correspondence: Chan GC
; Chan WK ; Sze DM
Institutions: Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Article ID: 7844
Bromuro C, Romano M, Chiani P, Berti F, Tontini M, Proietti D, Mori E, Torosantucci A, Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Cassone A "Beta-glucan-CRM197 conjugates as candidates antifungal vaccines" -
Vaccine 28(14) (2010) 2615-2623
A laminarin-diphtheria toxoid (CRM197) conjugate vaccine conferred protection against fungal infections in mice. We have now generated novel β-glucan-CRM197 vaccines, with either natural (Curd-CRM197) or synthetic linear (15mer-CRM197), or β-(1,6)-branched (17mer-CRM197) β-(1,3)-oligosaccharides, formulated with the human-acceptable adjuvant MF59. Curd-CRM197 and 15mer-CRM197 conjugates, which induced high titers of anti-β-(1,3)-glucan IgG, but no antibodies against β-(1,6)-glucan, conferred protection to mice lethally challenged with C. albicans. In contrast, the 17mer-CRM197 conjugate, which induced anti-β-(1,6)-glucan antibodies in addition to the anti-β-(1,3)-glucan IgG, was non-protective. These data provide some insights on β-glucan epitope(s) mediating antifungal protection and open the way to develop a synthetic oligosaccharide vaccine against fungal diseases.
adjuvant, β-glucan, antifungal vaccine, antifungal antibody
NCBI PubMed ID: 20096763Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.012Journal NLM ID: 8406899Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: antonio.cassone@iss.it
Institutions: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy
Methods: 1H NMR, SDS-PAGE, ELISA, chemical synthesis, MS, HPSEC, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), biological assay
- Article ID: 7852
Olafsdottir ES, Ingolfsdottir K "Polysaccharides from lichens: structural characteristics and biological activity" -
Planta Medica 67(3) (2001) 199-208
Lichens have been used for medicinal purposes throughout the ages, and beneficial claims have to some extent been correlated with their polysaccharide content. Of 13,500 lichen species growing worldwide, less than 100 species have been investigated for polysaccharide content. Lichen polysaccharides are mainly of three different structural types: β-glucans, α-glucans, and galactomannans. In addition, a few complex heteroglycans have recently been described, such as thamnolan, a water-soluble, immunologically active heteroglycan with a novel rhamnopyranosylgalactofuranan type of structure. A number of investigations have been carried out on biological effects of lichen polysaccharides, most notably antitumour, immunomodulating, antiviral, and memory-enhancing effects. The current review summarizes present knowledge on the structural characteristics and biological activity of lichen polysaccrides.
polysaccharides, biological activity, immunological activity, lichens, structural characteristics, antitumour activity
NCBI PubMed ID: 11345688Publication DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-12012Journal NLM ID: 0066751Publisher: George Thieme
Correspondence: Olafsdottir ES
Institutions: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Article ID: 7871
Bain JM, Louw J, Lewis LE, Okai B, Walls CA, Ballou ER, Walker LA, Reid D, Munro CA, Brown AJ, Brown GD, Gow NA, Erwig LP "Candida albicans hypha formation and mannan masking of β-glucan inhibit macrophage phagosome maturation" -
mBio 5(6) (2014) 1-17
Candida albicans is a major life-threatening human fungal pathogen in the immunocompromised host. Host defense against systemic Candida infection relies heavily on the capacity of professional phagocytes of the innate immune system to ingest and destroy fungal cells. A number of pathogens, including C. albicans, have evolved mechanisms that attenuate the efficiency of phagosome-mediated inactivation, promoting their survival and replication within the host. Here we visualize host-pathogen interactions using live-cell imaging and show that viable, but not heat- or UV-killed C. albicans cells profoundly delay phagosome maturation in macrophage cell lines and primary macrophages. The ability of C. albicans to delay phagosome maturation is dependent on cell wall composition and fungal morphology. Loss of cell wall O-mannan is associated with enhanced acquisition of phagosome maturation markers, distinct changes in Rab GTPase acquisition by the maturing phagosome, impaired hyphal growth within macrophage phagosomes, profound changes in macrophage actin dynamics, and ultimately a reduced ability of fungal cells to escape from macrophage phagosomes. The loss of cell wall O-mannan leads to exposure of β-glucan in the inner cell wall, facilitating recognition by Dectin-1, which is associated with enhanced phagosome maturation.
cell wall, β-glucan, Candida albicans, b-glucan
NCBI PubMed ID: 25467440Publication DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01874-14Journal NLM ID: 101519231Publisher: Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
Correspondence: Bain JM
Institutions: Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Article ID: 7879
Fradin C, Bernardes ES, Jouault T "Candida albicans phospholipomannan: a sweet spot for controlling host response/inflammation" -
Seminars in Immunopathology 37(2) (2015) 123-30
Fungal cell walls contain several types of glycans, which play important roles in the pathogenesis of fungal infection and host immune response. Among them, glycosphingolipids have attracted much attention lately since they contribute actively to the fungi development and fungal-induced pathogenesis. Although glycosphingolipids are present in pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, pathogenic strains exhibit distinct glycan structures on their sphingolipids, which contribute to the regulatory processes engaged in inflammatory response. In Candida albicans, phospholipomannan (PLM) represents a prototype of these sphingolipids. Through its glycan and lipid moieties, PLM induces activation of host signaling pathways involved in the initial recognition of fungi, causing immune system disorder and persistent fungal disease. In this review, first we describe the general aspects of C. albicans sphingolipids synthesis with a special emphasize on PLM synthesis and its insertion into the cell wall. Then, we discuss the role of PLM glycosylation in regulating immune system activation and its contribution to the chronic persistent inflammation found in Candida infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.
regulation, glycosphingolipids, yeasts, inflammatory response
NCBI PubMed ID: 25394861Publication DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0461-5Journal NLM ID: 101308769Publisher: Berlin: Springer
Correspondence: Jouault T
Institutions: INSERM U995, Lille, France, Université de Lille, Lille, France, Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil, Faculté de Médecine H.Warembourg, Pôle Recherche, Lille, France, Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research IPEN, São Paulo, Brazil, Faculté de Médecine H. Warembourg, Pôle Recherche, Lille, France
- Article ID: 7894
Synytsya A, Novák M "Structural diversity of fungal glucans" -
Carbohydrate Polymers 92(1) (2013) 729-809
Fungal glucans represent various structurally different d-glucose polymers with a large diversity of molecular mass and configuration. According to glucose anomeric structure, it is possible to distinguish α-D-glucans, β-D-glucans and mixed α,β-D-glucans. Further discrimination could be made on the basis of glycosidic bond position in a pyranoid ring, distribution of specific glycosidic bonds along a chain, branching and molecular mass. Fungal glucans can be chemically modified to obtain various derivatives of potential industrial or medicinal importance. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool in structural analysis of fungal glucans. Together with chemolytic methods like methylation analysis and periodate oxidation, NMR is able to determine exact structure of these polysaccharides. Fungal glucans or their derivatives exert various biological activities, which are usually linked to structure, molecular mass and substitution degree.
nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical modification, fungal glucans, structural diversity, structure–activity relationship
NCBI PubMed ID: 23218369Publication DOI: 10.1007/s11101-013-9301-9Journal NLM ID: 8307156Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: Synytsya A
Institutions: Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction, ROESY, methylation analysis, HMBC, SEM, HMQC, NOESY, HSQC, immunocytochemical analyses, HSBC
- Article ID: 7932
Du B, Lin C, Bian Z, Xu B "An insight into anti-inflammatory effects of fungal beta-glucans" -
Trends in Food Science and Technology 41(1) (2015) 49-59
β-Glucans from fungi exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities including anti-tumor, immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory effect is mediated through the regulation of various inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α, interferon gamma (INF)-γ as well as non-cytokine mediator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Up to now, the anti-inflammatory activity of β-glucans has received little attention. It is worthwhile to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of fungal β-glucans in a separate review, discussing in vitro studies, animal studies and human studies on anti-inflammation effects of fungal β-glucans, as well as the structure-anti-inflammatory activity relationships.
cytokines, macrophages, anti-inflammatory, inflammatory responses
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.09.002Journal NLM ID: 9426004Publisher: Cambridge, UK: Elsevier Trends Journals
Correspondence: Du B
; Lin C ; Bian Z ; Xu B
Institutions: School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China, Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing, Normal University - Hong Kong Baptist University, United International College, Guangdong, China
Methods: 13C NMR, GC-MS, HPSEC, western blotting
- Article ID: 7951
Camelini CM, Rossi MJ, Cardozo FTGS, Gomes A, Sales-Campos C, Giachini AJ "Fungal cultivation and production of polysaccharides" -
Book: Polysaccharides Bioactivity and Biotechnology (2015) Vol. 1, Chapter 12, 377-416
Many species of higher basidiomycetes have traditionally been used because of their medicinal properties. The positive effects associated to the consumption of those fungi have been mainly attributed to cell wall polysaccharides, which have important structural roles and are present throughout the entire life cycles of fungi. One of the most consumed and studied species native of the Americas is Agaricus subrufescens, a mushroom prescribed in different countries for prophylaxis and noninvasive treatment of numerous health-related disorders. Prior to the process of extraction, purification, and application of these polysaccharides, one needs to be concerned with the preservation of the specimen and production of fungal biomass. Even though basidiomata (syn. fruiting body, mushrooms) generally yield larger volumes of biomass when compared to the mycelium, cultivation of mycelium allows a more efficient control of the process and, therefore, is the method of choice of polysaccharide production. Mycelial biomass can be produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF) or submersed fermentation (SmF). Further separation and concentration of bioactive polysaccharides can be done by means of porous membranes, such as tangential flow nanofiltration.
polysaccharide, biological activity, Agaricus subrufescens, fungal biomass, solid-state fermentation (SSF), submersed fermentation (SmF), nanofiltration
Publication DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_21Publisher: Springer International Publishing AG
Correspondence: Camelini CM
; Sales-Campos C ; Rossi MJ ; Gomes A ; Giachini AJ ; Cardozo FTGS
Editors: Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM
Institutions: Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Laboratório de cultivo de Fungos Comestíveis, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus-AM, Brazil, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Methods: extraction, DEAE, dialysis, precipitation, centrifugation, HPLC-RI
- Article ID: 7963
Dalonso N, Goldman GH, Gern RM "β-(1→3),(1→6)-Glucans: medicinal activities, characterization, biosynthesis and new horizons" -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 99(19) (2015) 7893-7906
Biological activities of medicinal mushrooms have been attributed to β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans that are present in the cell wall of fungi and some plants. Antitumor, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antinociception, antiinflammatory, prebiotic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic are some of different properties already described for β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans. Immune activation systems, including specific β-glucan receptors like Dectin-1, complement (CR3), and Toll (TLR), have been identified to clarify these biological effects. The β-(1→3)-glucans are synthesized by β-(1→3)-glucan synthase (GLS), an enzyme belonging to the glucosyltransferase group, which has a catalytic unit (FKS) and another regulatory (RHO). The mechanisms for adding β-(1→6) branches to the non-reducing ends of the β-(1→3)-glucan chains are unclear until now. Due to the biological importance of β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucan, it is necessary to understand the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of its synthesis, both to optimize the production of bioactive compounds and to develop antifungal drugs that interrupt this process. Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather information about the potential of β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans, their methods of isolation, purification, and chemical characterization, as well as how these biomolecules are synthesized by fungi and what studies involving biotechnology or molecular biology have contributed to this subject.
characterization, biotechnology, molecular biology, β-(1→3), (1→6)-glucans, β-(1→3)-glucan synthase, medicinal activities
NCBI PubMed ID: 26252967Publication DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6849-xJournal NLM ID: 8406612Publisher: Springer
Correspondence: Gern RM
Institutions: Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville, UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo—INCT do Bioetanol, Brazil
Methods: NMR, X-ray, GPC, extraction, DEAE, column chromatography, dialysis, HPGPC, precipitation, centrifugation, AFM, Congo red assay, size exclustion chromatography
- Article ID: 7968
Pinto AV, Martins PR, Romagnoli GG, Campanelli AP, Terezan AP, Filho ER, Ferreira da Eira A, Kaneno R "Polysaccharide fraction of Agaricus brasiliensis avoids tumor-induced IL-10 production and changes the microenvironment of subcutaneous Ehrlich adenocarcinoma" -
Cellular Immunology 256(1-2) (2009) 27-38
Subcutaneous Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice were treated with in situ inoculation of a beta-glucan-rich extract of Agaricus brasiliensis (ATF), which reduced tumor growth. Histopathological analysis showed that the tumor masses of control mice (Ehr) presented giant tumor cells and many mitotic figures whereas the tumor tissue obtained from ATF-treated animals (Ehr-ATF) presented a lower frequency of both mitotic and giant cells, associated with a higher frequency of apoptotic cells than Ehr. Analysis of the lymphoproliferative activity of spleen cells showed that the treatment had a suppressive rather than a stimulatory effect. Spleen cells of the Ehr group produced higher in vitro levels of IL-10 than normal controls and this occurrence was partially avoided by treatment with ATF. Analysis of cytokine production by tumor-infiltrating cells (ELISpot) showed that ATF induced a higher number of IFN-gamma-producing cells at 7 and 14days as well as reduction of IL-10-secreting cells at the latter time. Confocal microscopy analysis showed higher intensity of labeling of CD4+ and Mac-3+ cells in ATF-treated mice. Analysis of in situ expression of angiogenic growth factors showed a slight decrease of FGF-2 mRNA in Ehr-ATF animals (7th day) but not of VEGF-A or TGF-beta expression. This fraction could not directly lyse either lymphocytes or tumor cells and we speculate that antitumor effect of ATF could be due to induction of a selective migration of immunocompetent cells from the spleen to the tumor site and to the switch of cytokine production.
mushroom, β-glucan, Agaricus blazei, angiogenesis, IL-10, Ehrlich tumor
NCBI PubMed ID: 19243740Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.01.002Journal NLM ID: 1246405Publisher: New York, Academic Press
Correspondence: Kaneno R
Institutions: UNESP—São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Botucatu, Brazil, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu, Department of Pathology—Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil, USP—São Paulo University, Faculty of Odontology of Bauru, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bauru, Brazil, UFSCar—Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Chemistry—Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, São Carlos, Brazil, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Mushroom Division, Department of Vegetable Production, Botucatu, Brazil
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, PCR, ELISA, extraction, confocal microscopy, cytokine production, cytotoxicity assay, antitumor activity assay, centrifugation, COSY, Lowry method, lymphocyte proliferation assay, fluorescent labelled antibodies, ANOVA, fluorescent microscopy, gHSQC
- Article ID: 7969
Banik SP, Khowala S, Pal C, Mukherjee S "Proteomic approaches to identify novel therapeutics and nutraceuticals from filamentous fungi: prospects and challenges" -
Book: Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics in nutraceuticals and functional foods (2015) Vol. 1, Chapter 20, 265-295
Consumption of edible mushrooms has been practiced since ages to promote human health and as traditional remedies for multiple human ailments. The excellent nutritional quality of these organisms collectively called as filamentous fungi for their filament like hyphal extension, owes to a high protein, low fat and cholesterol free profile. Over the last decade, a diverse repertoire of protein-glycan conjugates isolated from these organisms has been attributed with immunomodulatory, anticancer, and other therapeutic activities. An integrated use of conventional chemical analyses, improved separation technologies, and new generation high-throughput proteomic approaches has revealed features in these complex biomolecules unknown elsewhere amongst the eukaryotes. However, due to some serious technological bottlenecks, a comprehensive structure-function delineation of the fungal glycoproteome has eluded the scientists. If we can prevail over these constraints and dig deep into this unique niche of the fungal kingdom, the quest for new generation nutraceuticals and therapeutics will get headway.
glycoproteins, mushrooms, Glycoproteomics, filamentous fungi, polysaccharopeptide complexes, nutraceuticals, therapeutic enzymes
Publication DOI: 10.1002/9781118930458.ch20Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Editors: Bagchi D, Swaroop A, Bagchi M
Institutions: Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India, Drug Development, Diagnostics and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, India
- Article ID: 8015
Kozarski M, Klaus A, Jakovljević D, Todorovic N, Niksic M, Vrvić MM, van Griensven LJLD "Dietary polysaccharide extracts of Agaricus brasiliensis fruiting bodies: chemical characterization and bioactivities at different levels of purification" -
Food Research International 64 (2014) 53-64
Polysaccharides of the European strain of A. brasiliensis were obtained by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation (HWPE I) of fruiting bodies, and further purified by dialysis (HWPE II) and pronase incubation (PPE). These polysaccharides consisted mainly of (1→6)-β-D-glucans. PPE was free of proteins and polyphenols as demonstrated by quantitative assays and NMR profiling. They showed a clear IFN-γ inducing activity in human PBMCs, which suggests these polysaccharides to have proinflammatory effects. Treatment by β-glucosidase caused the polysaccharides to be degraded into smaller fragments and at the same time increased their IFN-γ inducing activity in PBMCs fourfold. In vitro, PPE showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the proliferation of the human leukemia Jurkat cell. At 100μg/mL the cells' viability was decreased by appr. 51% compared to the control. EPR spin trapping demonstrated a high antioxidative activity against •OH and •O2- radicals of HWPE I and PPE. Further, the results of the antioxidant assays indicated that antioxidant activity against •OH radicals in the Fenton system was achieved through scavenging or through chelating iron mechanisms. The good immunomodulating and antioxidative properties of A. brasiliensis polysaccharide extract obtained by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation make it suitable for everyday use as an inexpensive dietary supplement.
immunomodulation, Antioxidant activity, A. brasiliensis, EPR spin trapping, polysaccharide extracts
NCBI PubMed ID: 30011685Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.075Journal NLM ID: 9210143Publisher: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: CIFST, Elsevier Applied Science
Correspondence: van Griensven LJLD
Institutions: Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, Department for Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, GC-MS, GC, HPLC, HPSEC, enzymatic digestion, FPLC, acetylation, statistical analysis, methylation analysis, reduction with NaBH4, dialysis, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, COSY, HSQC, DEPT-135, FT-IR
- Article ID: 8085
Zarnowski R, Westler WM, Lacmbouh GA, Marita JM, Bothe JR, Bernhardt J, Lounes-Hadj Sahraoui A, Fontaine J, Sanchez H, Hatfield RD, Ntambi JM, Nett JE, Mitchell AP, Andes DR "Novel entries in a fungal biofilm matrix encyclopedia" -
mBio 5(4) (2014) e01333-14
Virulence of Candida is linked with its ability to form biofilms. Once established, biofilm infections are nearly impossible to eradicate. Biofilm cells live immersed in a self-produced matrix, a blend of extracellular biopolymers, many of which are uncharacterized. In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the matrix manufactured by Candida albicans both in vitro and in a clinical niche animal model. We further explore the function of matrix components, including the impact on drug resistance. We uncovered components from each of the macromolecular classes (55% protein, 25% carbohydrate, 15% lipid, and 5% nucleic acid) in the C. albicans biofilm matrix. Three individual polysaccharides were identified and were suggested to interact physically. Surprisingly, a previously identified polysaccharide of functional importance, β-1,3-glucan, comprised only a small portion of the total matrix carbohydrate. Newly described, more abundant polysaccharides included α-1,2 branched α-1,6-mannans (87%) associated with unbranched β-1,6-glucans (13%) in an apparent mannan-glucan complex (MGCx). Functional matrix proteomic analysis revealed 458 distinct activities. The matrix lipids consisted of neutral glycerolipids (89.1%), polar glycerolipids (10.4%), and sphingolipids (0.5%). Examination of matrix nucleic acid identified DNA, primarily noncoding sequences. Several of the in vitro matrix components, including proteins and each of the polysaccharides, were also present in the matrix of a clinically relevant in vivo biofilm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis demonstrated interaction of aggregate matrix with the antifungal fluconazole, consistent with a role in drug impedance and contribution of multiple matrix components. Importance: This report is the first to decipher the complex and unique macromolecular composition of the Candida biofilm matrix, demonstrate the clinical relevance of matrix components, and show that multiple matrix components are needed for protection from antifungal drugs. The availability of these biochemical analyses provides a unique resource for further functional investigation of the biofilm matrix, a defining trait of this lifestyle.
mannan, glucan
NCBI PubMed ID: 25096878Publication DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01333-14Journal NLM ID: 101519231Publisher: Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology
Correspondence: Andes DR
Institutions: Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, Dairy Forage Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, USA, Universitat Institute for Microbiology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany, DECODON GmbH, BioTechnikum Greifswald, Germany, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale at Interactions sur le Vivant, Calais, France, Department of Food Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GC-MS, GC, electron microscopy, HPSEC, extraction, antibody binding, confocal microscopy, HPGPC, biological assay, phenol-sulfuric acid assay, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
- Article ID: 8109
Kottom TJ, Hebrink DM, Jenson PE, Gudmundsson G, Limper AH "Evidence for proinflammatory β-1,6 glucans in the Pneumocystis carinii cell wall" -
Infection and Immunity 83(7) (2015) 2816-2826
Inflammation is a major cause of respiratory impairment during Pneumocystis pneumonia. Studies support a significant role for cell wall β-glucans in stimulating inflammatory responses. Fungal β-glucans are comprised of d-glucose homopolymers containing β-1,3-linked glucose backbones with β-1,6-linked glucose side chains. Prior studies in Pneumocystis carinii have characterized β-1,3 glucan components of the organism. However, recent investigations in other organisms support important roles for β-1,6 glucans, predominantly in mediating host cellular activation. Accordingly, we sought to characterize β-1,6 glucans in the cell wall of Pneumocystis and to establish their activity in lung cell inflammation. Immune staining revealed specific β-1,6 localization in P. carinii cyst walls. Homology-based cloning facilitated characterization of a functional P. carinii kre6 (Pckre6) β-1,6 glucan synthase in Pneumocystis that, when expressed in kre6-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae, restored cell wall stability. Recently synthesized β-1,6 glucan synthase inhibitors decreased the ability of isolated P. carinii preparations to generate β-1,6 carbohydrate. In addition, isolated β-1,6 glucan fractions from Pneumocystis elicited vigorous tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) responses from macrophages. These inflammatory responses were significantly dampened by inhibition of host cell plasma membrane microdomain function. Together, these studies indicate that β-1,6 glucans are present in the P. carinii cell wall and contribute to lung cell inflammatory activation during infection
cell wall, β-Glucans, Pneumocystis carinii, lung cell inflammation
NCBI PubMed ID: 25916991Publication DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00196-15Journal NLM ID: 0246127Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Correspondence: limper.andrew@mayo.edu
Institutions: Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, USA, University of Iceland School of Health Sciences, Reykjavík, Iceland
Methods: DNA techniques, dot immunoblotting, biological assays, enzymatic digestion, extraction, centrifugation
- Article ID: 8226
Kagimura FY, da Cunha MAA, Barbosa AM, Dekker RFH, Malfatti CRM "Biological activities of derivatized D-glucans: A review" -
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 72 (2015) 588-598
D-Glucans have triggered increasing interest in commercial applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors because of their technological properties and biological activities. The glucans are foremost among the polysaccharide groups produced by microorganisms with demonstrated activity in stimulating the immune system, and have potential in treating human disease conditions. Chemical alterations in the structure of D-glucans through derivatization (sulfonylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation, acetylation) contributes to their increased solubility that, in turn, can alter their biological activities such as antioxidation and anticoagulation. This review surveys and cites the latest advances on the biological and technological potential of D-glucans following chemical modifications through sulfonylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation or acetylation, and discusses the findings of their activities. Several studies suggest that chemically modified D-glucans have potentiated biological activity as anticoagulants, antitumors, antioxidants, and antivirals. This review shows that indepth future studies on chemically modified glucans with amplified biological effects will be relevant in the biotechnological field because of their potential to prevent and treat numerous human disease conditions and their clinical complications
exopolysaccharides, α- and β-Glucans, biomolecules
NCBI PubMed ID: 25239192Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.008Journal NLM ID: 7909578Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Correspondence: mcunha@utfpr.edu.br
Institutions: Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Pato Branco, Brazil, Departamento de Química - CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil, Biorefining and Biotechnology Consultancy, Londrina, Brazil, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (Programa de Pós-Graduac¸ ão em Ciências Farmacêuticas), Campus CEDETEG, Guarapuava, Brazil
- Article ID: 8238
Kagimura FY, da Cunha MA, Theis TV, Malfatti CR, Dekker RF, Barbosa AM, Teixeira SD, Salomé K "Carboxymethylation of (1→6)-β-glucan (lasiodiplodan): preparation, characterization and antioxidant evaluation" -
Carbohydrate Polymers 127 (2015) 390-399
D-Glucans possess immunomodulatory activities and potential for the development of new therapeutic agents. Biological activities can be enhanced in these biopolymers through chemical derivatization, e.g., carboxymethylation. This work presents the carboxymethylation, characterization and the evaluation of antioxidant activities of the exocellular (1→6)-β-D-glucan produced by Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI. Thermal analysis indicated that the native and carboxymethylated polysaccharides presented four stages of mass-loss. The first stage occurred at 125°C (loss of water) with two consecutive events of mass loss (200-400°C) attributed to polymer degradation and the fourth stage between 425 and 620°C (final decomposition). Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the gross morphological features of lasiodiplodan were ruptured following carboxymethylation. X-ray diffractometry analysis demonstrated that the native and carboxymethylated polysaccharides presented a non-crystalline structure. Carboxymethylation contributed to improving the polysaccharide's water solubility and antioxidant capacity
exopolysaccharides, β-Glucans, Biopolymers, antioxidant capacity
NCBI PubMed ID: 25965498Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.045Journal NLM ID: 8307156Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: mcunha@utfpr.edu.br
Institutions: Department of Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Parana, Pato Branco, Brazil, Biorefining and Biotechnology Consultancy, Londrina, Brazil, Midwestern State University (Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences), CEDETEG Campus, Guarapuava, Brazil, Department of Chemistry—CCE, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazila
Methods: 13C NMR, IR, X-ray, biological assays, cell growth, dialysis, antioxidant activities, precipitation, SEM, derivatization, evaporation, centrifugation, thermal analysis, ion exchange, titration
- Article ID: 8264
Queiroz EA, Fortes ZB, da Cunha MA, Barbosa AM, Khaper N, Dekker RF "Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of three fungal exocellular β-glucans in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is mediated by oxidative stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the Forkhead transcription factor, FOXO3a" -
International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 67 (2015) 14-24
Fungal β-D-glucans of the (1→3)-type are known to exhibit direct antitumor effects, and can also indirectly decrease tumor proliferation through immunomodulatory responses. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved in decreasing tumor formation, however, are not well understood. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative role and mechanism of action of three different fungal exocellular β-glucans in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The β-glucans were obtained from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 [two botryosphaerans; (1→3)(1→6)-β-D-glucan; one produced on glucose, the other on fructose] and Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI [lasiodiplodan; (1→6)-β-D-glucan, produced on glucose]. Using the cell proliferation-MTT assay, we showed that the β-glucans exhibited a time- and concentration-dependent antiproliferative activity (IC50, 100 μg/ml). Markers of cell cycle, apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress were analyzed using flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western blotting. Exposure to β-glucans increased apoptosis, necrosis, oxidative stress, mRNA expression of p53, p27 and Bax; the activity of AMP-activated protein-kinase, Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a, Bax and caspase-3; and decreased the activity of p70S6K in MCF-7 cells. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the fungal β-glucans increased oxidative stress, which was associated with reduced cell viability. We showed that these β-glucans exhibited an antiproliferative effect that was associated with apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress. This study demonstrated for the first time that the apoptosis induced by β-glucans was mediated by AMP-activated protein-kinase and Forkhead transcription factor, FOXO3a. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into their antiproliferative roles, and compelling evidence that these β-glucans possess a broad range of biomodulatory properties that may prove useful in cancer treatment
apoptosis, oxidative stress, Botryosphaeran, lasiodiplodan, AMPK, FOXO3a
NCBI PubMed ID: 26255117Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.003Journal NLM ID: 9508482Publisher: Amsterdam: Elsevier
Correspondence: Dekker RF
; Dekker RF ; Khaper N
Institutions: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Pato Branco, Brazil, Biorefining and Biotechnology Consultancy, Londrina, Brazil, Biorefining Research Institute (BRI), Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada, Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM), Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
Methods: Western blotting, biological assays, RT-PCR, cell growth, dialysis, enzymatic assay, flow cytometry analysis, cell viability assay, precipitation, centrifugation, MTT
- Article ID: 8388
Jayachandran M, Chen J, Chung SSM, Xu B "A critical review on the impacts of β-glucans on gut microbiota and human health" -
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 61 (2018) 101-110
The β-glucans are the glucose polymers present in the cells walls of yeast, fungi and cereals. β-Glucans are the major compositions of various nutritional diets such as oats, barley, seaweeds and mushrooms. Various biological activities of β-glucans have been reported such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. The importance of β-glucans in food processing industries such as bread preparation, yogurt and pasta have been well elucidated. In recent findings on food science research gut microbiota plays a significant role and vastly studied for its intermediate role in regulating health. Several reports have suggested that β-glucans should have a significant impact on the gut microbiota changes and in turn on human health. The review was aimed to accumulate the evidence on types of β-glucans, their functional properties and the mechanism by how the β-glucans regulate the gut microbiota and human health. The various in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies, have been summarized, in particular, the changes happening upon the β-glucans supplementation on the gut microbiota. Overall, this review updates the recent studies on β-glucans and gut microbiota and also inputs the demanding questions to be addressed in β-glucans-microbiota research in the future.
β-Glucans, immunomodulation, microbiota, Antidiabetic, Anticancer, SCFA
NCBI PubMed ID: 30196242Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.06.010Journal NLM ID: 9010081Publisher: Stoneham, MA, USA: Butterworths
Correspondence: Xu B
Institutions: Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, China
- Article ID: 8398
Jin Y, Li P, Wang F "β-glucans as potential immunoadjuvants: A review on the adjuvanticity, structure-activity relationship and receptor recognition properties" -
Vaccine 36(35) (2018) 5235-5244
β-glucans, a group of polysaccharides exist in many organism species such as mushrooms, yeasts, oats, barley, seaweed, but not mammalians, have a variety of biological activities and applications in drugs and other healthcare products. In recent years, β-glucans have been studied as adjuvants in anti-infection vaccines as well as immunomodulators in anti-cancer immunotherapy. β-glucans can regulate immune responses when administered alone and can connect innate and adaptive immunity to improve immunogenicity of vaccines. When β-glucans act as immunostimulants or adjuvants, a set of receptors have been revealed to recognize β-glucans, including dectin-1, complement receptor 3 (CR3), CD5, lactosylceramide, and so on. Therefore, this review is mainly focused on the application of β-glucans as immune adjuvants, the receptors of β-glucans, as well as their structure and activity relationship which will benefit future research of β-glucans.
vaccine, adjuvant, receptor, β-glucan, anti-tumor, anti-infection, structure and activity relationship
NCBI PubMed ID: 30049632Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.038Journal NLM ID: 8406899Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: Wang F
Institutions: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Article ID: 8461
Kumar GC, Mongolla P, Pombala S "Lasiosan, a new exopolysaccharide from Lasiodiplodia sp. strain B2 (MTCC 6000): Structural characterization and biological evaluation" -
Process Biochemistry 72 (2018) 162-169
Ascomycete fungi are promising biofactories producing bioactive compounds exhibiting diverse biological activities. In an ongoing search for bioactive potential of microorganisms from different ecological niches, a promising Lasiodiplodia sp. strain B2 (MTCC 6000) was identified as a producer of exopolysaccharide (designated as Lasiosan). The exopolysaccharide was purified and structurally characterized as glucomannan having glucose and mannose residues (ratio 1:1) with average molecular mass of 29.3 kDa. Lasiosan demonstrated promising antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities by inhibiting the growth of different Gram-negative, Gram-positive, drug-resistant bacteria and different Candida strains. The purified exopolysaccharide exhibited potential antioxidant activity in terms of good reducing power and scavenging of DPPH free radicals, superoxide anions and lipid peroxyl radicals. Further, the in vitro immune responses of Lasiosan were demonstrated in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. Lasiosan inhibited the LPS-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) generation in RAW 264.7 macrophages without affecting cell proliferation. Furthermore, Lasiosan significantly down-regulated the production of LPS stimulated proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW 264.7 macrophages. This is the first report on Lasiosan exhibiting broad spectrum antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, which could be explored as a promising candidate for application in biotechnological and biomedical fields.
exopolysaccharide, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, Lasiodiplodia
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.06.014Journal NLM ID: 9211419Publisher: Barking, Essex: Elsevier Applied Science
Correspondence: Kumar GC
Institutions: Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, India, Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
Methods: 13C NMR, inhibition studies, FTIR, HPLC, DEAE, immunological assays, dialysis, determination of NO production, cytokine production, precipitation, antimicrobial assay, centrifugation, TFA hydrolysis, monosaccharide analysis
- Article ID: 8487
Sheppard DC, Howell PL "Biofilm exopolysaccharides of pathogenic fungi: lessons from bacteria" -
Journal of Biological Chemistry 291(24) (2016) 12529-12537
Exopolysaccharides play an important structural and functional role in the development and maintenance of microbial biofilms. Although the majority of research to date has focused on the exopolysaccharide systems of biofilm-forming bacteria, recent studies have demonstrated that medically relevant fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus also form biofilms during infection. These fungal biofilms share many similarities with those of bacteria, including the presence of secreted exopolysaccharides as core components of the extracellular matrix. This review will highlight our current understanding of fungal biofilm exopolysaccharides, as well as the parallels that can be drawn with those of their bacterial counterparts.
polysaccharide, exopolysaccharide, Bacterial Adhesion, Biofilm, Extracellular matrix, carbohydrate biosynthesis
NCBI PubMed ID: 27129222Publication DOI: 10.1074/jbc.R116.720995Journal NLM ID: 2985121RPublisher: Baltimore, MD: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Correspondence: Sheppard DC
; Howell PL
Institutions: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, Program in Molecular Structure & Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Article ID: 8874
Theis TV, Queiroz Santos VA, Appelt P, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Vetvicka V, Dekker RFH, Cunha MAA "Fungal exocellular (1-6)-β-D-glucan: Carboxymethylation, characterization, and antioxidant activity" -
International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(9) (2019) ID 2337
Exocellular (1→6)-β-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan) produced by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI was derivatized by carboxymethylation using different concentrations of a derivatizing agent. Lasiodiplodan was derivatized by carboxymethylation in an attempt to increase its solubility and enhance its biological activities. Carboxymethylglucans with degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.32, 0.47, 0.51, 0.58, and 0.68 were produced and characterized. FTIR analysis showed a band of strong intensity at 1600 cm-1 and an absorption band at 1421 cm-1, resulting from asymmetric and symmetrical stretching vibrations, respectively, of the carboxymethyl group COO- in the carboxymethylated samples. Thermal analysis showed that native lasiodiplodan (LN) and carboxymethylated derivatives (LC) exhibited thermal stability up to 200-210 °C. X-ray diffractometry demonstrated that both native and carboxymethylated lasiodiplodan presented predominantly an amorphous nature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that carboxymethylation promoted morphological changes in the biopolymer and increased porosity, and alveolar structures were observed along the surface. The introduction of carboxymethyl groups in the macromolecule promoted increased solubility and potentiated the hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, suggesting a correlation between degree of substitution and antioxidant activity.
carbohydrate, exopolysaccharide, biopolymer, lasiodiplodan, bioactive macromolecules
NCBI PubMed ID: 31083511Publication DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092337Journal NLM ID: 101092791Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI
Correspondence: Theis TV
; Queiroz Santos VA ; Appelt P ; Barbosa-Dekker AM ; Vetvicka V ; Dekker RFH ; Cunha MAA
Institutions: Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil, Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Pato Branco, Brazil, Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campo Mourão, Brazil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Londrina, Brazil
Methods: IR, X-ray, cell growth, antioxidant activities, precipitation, SEM, derivatization, centrifugation, thermogravimetric analysis, titration
- Article ID: 8877
Ullah S, Khalil AA, Shaukat F, Song Y "Sources, extraction and biomedical properties of polysaccharides" -
Foods 8(8) (2019) ID 304
In the recent era, bioactive compounds from plants have received great attention because of their vital health-related activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, anticoagulant activity, anti-diabetic activity, UV protection, antiviral activity, hypoglycemia, etc. Previous studies have already shown that polysaccharides found in plants are not likely to be toxic. Based on these inspirational comments, most research focused on the isolation, identification, and bioactivities of polysaccharides. A large number of biologically active polysaccharides have been isolated with varying structural and biological activities. In this review, a comprehensive summary is provided of the recent developments in the physical and chemical properties as well as biological activities of polysaccharides from a number of important natural sources, such as wheat bran, orange peel, barely, fungi, algae, lichen, etc. This review also focused on biomedical applications of polysaccharides. The contents presented in this review will be useful as a reference for future research as well as for the extraction and application of these bioactive polysaccharides as a therapeutic agent.
extraction, biomedical applications, bioactive polysaccharides
NCBI PubMed ID: 31374889Publication DOI: 10.3390/foods8080304Journal NLM ID: 101670569Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI AG
Correspondence: Song Y
Institutions: Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Article ID: 9059
Larsen FT, Guldbrandtsen B, Christensen D, Pitcovski J, Kjærup RB, Dalgaard TS "Pustulan activates chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in vitro and promotes ex vivo CD4+ T cell recall response to infectious bronchitis virus" -
Vaccines 8(2) (2020) ID 226
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious avian coronavirus. IBV causes substantial worldwide economic losses in the poultry industry. Vaccination with live-attenuated viral vaccines, therefore, are of critical importance. Live-attenuated viral vaccines, however, exhibit the potential for reversion to virulence and recombination with virulent field strains. Therefore, alternatives such as subunit vaccines are needed together with the identification of suitable adjuvants, as subunit vaccines are less immunogenic than live-attenuated vaccines. Several glycan-based adjuvants directly targeting mammalian C-type lectin receptors were assessed in vitro using chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). The β-1-6-glucan, pustulan, induced an up-regulation of MHC class II (MHCII) cell surface expression, potentiated a strong proinflammatory cytokine response, and increased endocytosis in a cation-dependent manner. Ex vivo co-culture of peripheral blood monocytes from IBV-immunised chickens, and BM-DCs pulsed with pustulan-adjuvanted recombinant IBV N protein (rN), induced a strong recall response. Pustulan-adjuvanted rN induced a significantly higher CD4+ blast percentage compared to either rN, pustulan or media. However, the CD8+ and TCRγδ+ blast percentage were significantly lower with pustulan-adjuvanted rN compared to pustulan or media. Thus, pustulan enhanced the efficacy of MHCII antigen presentation, but apparently not the cross-presentation on MHCI. In conclusion, we found an immunopotentiating effect of pustulan in vitro using chicken BM-DCs. Thus, future in vivo studies might show pustulan as a promising glycan-based adjuvant for use in the poultry industry to contain the spread of coronaviridiae as well as of other avian viral pathogens.
adjuvant, chicken, Pustulan, APC-targeting, BM-DC, IBV, subunit vaccination
NCBI PubMed ID: 32429204Publication DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020226Journal NLM ID: 101629355Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI AG
Correspondence: Kjærup RB
; Guldbrandtsen B ; Christensen D ; Pitcovski J ; Larsen FT ; Dalgaard TS
Institutions: Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Tjele, Denmark, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, Virology and Vaccine Development Laboratory, MIGAL Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
Methods: PCR, biological assays, cell growth, flow cytometry analysis, confocal microscopy, DNA extraction, centrifugation, gel electrophoresis, qRT-PCR, endocytosis assay
- Article ID: 9142
Morales D, Rutckeviski R, Villalva M, Abreu H, Soler-Rivas C, Santoyo S, Iacomini M, Smiderle FR "Isolation and comparison of α- and β-D-glucans from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) with different biological activities" -
Carbohydrate Polymers 229 (2020) ID 115521
A polysaccharide-enriched extract obtained from Lentinula edodes was submitted to several purification steps to separate three different D-glucans with β-(1→6), β-(1→3),(1→6) and α-(1→3) linkages, being characterized through GC-MS, FT-IR, NMR, SEC and colorimetric/fluorimetric determinations. Moreover, in vitro hypocholesterolemic, antitumoral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were also tested. Isolated glucans exerted HMGCR inhibitory activity, but only β-(1→6) and β-(1→3),(1→6) fractions showed DPPH scavenging capacity. Glucans were also able to lower IL-1β and IL-6 secretion by LPS-activated THP-1/M cells and showed cytotoxic effect on a breast cancer cell line that was not observed on normal breast cells. These in vitro results pointed important directions for further in vivo studies, showing different effects of each chemical structure of the isolated glucans from shiitake mushrooms.
β-Glucans, α-glucans, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, shiitake mushroom, hypocholesterolemic
NCBI PubMed ID: 31826486Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115521Journal NLM ID: 8307156Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: Morales D
; Rutckeviski R ; Villalva M, ; Abreu H ; Soler-Rivas C ; Santoyo S ; Iacomini M ; Smiderle FR
Institutions: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil, Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research - CIAL (UAM+CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, IR, GC-MS, inhibition studies, acid hydrolysis, extraction, acetylation, fluorescence spectroscopy, SEC, reduction, dialysis, antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity assay, precipitation, antitumor activity assay, complex formation with Congo Red, centrifugation, MTT
- Article ID: 9224
Abreu H, Zavadinack M, Smiderle FR, Cipriani TR, Cordeiro LMC, Iacomini M "Polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii: Selective extraction methodologies and their modulatory effects on THP-1 macrophages" -
Carbohydrate Polymers 252 (2021) ID 117177
Polysaccharides from P. eryngii mushroom were selectively extracted using low-cost technologies (water at different conditions of temperature and pressure). Mannogalactan was the main polysaccharide in cold-water extracted fraction (CWEF), while a linear (1→6)-β-d-glucan was the main polymer in hot-water extracted fraction (HWEF). Autoclave-extracted fraction (AEF) contained a mixture of at least four different α- and β-glucans. The report of linear (1→6)-β-glucan and linear (1→3)-β-glucan is a new finding for P. eryngii fruiting bodies. The immunostimulatory properties of the fractions on THP-1 macrophages were studied. All fractions at 50, 250 and 500 μg/mL were not cytotoxic and produced different stimulus on NO, IL-1β and IL-10 secretion by the cells. Thus, our results showed that it is possible to concentrate different P. eryngii polysaccharides in selected fractions using a simple and low-cost procedure. Since biological effects depends on the polysaccharide structure, this technique allows the obtainment of fractions with distinct immunomodulatory activities.
polysaccharides, β-glucan, Grifola frondosa, mannogalactan, immunostimulatory properties, Pleurotus eryngii mushroom
NCBI PubMed ID: 33183624Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117177Journal NLM ID: 8307156Publisher: Elsevier
Correspondence: iacomini@ufpr.br
Institutions: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, GC-MS, acid hydrolysis, methanolysis, HPSEC, extraction, acetylation, methylation analysis, reduction, dialysis, antioxidant activities, determination of NO production, cytokine production, cytotoxicity assay, adhesion assays, precipitation, evaporation, complex formation with Congo Red, centrifugation, MTT, ROS measurement
- Article ID: 9228
Avramia I, Amariei S "Spent brewer's yeast as a source of insoluble β-glucans" -
International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(2) (2021) ID 825
In the brewing process, the consumption of resources and the amount of waste generated are high and due to a lot of organic compounds in waste-water, the capacity of natural regeneration of the environment is exceeded. Residual yeast, the second by-product of brewing is considered to have an important chemical composition. An approach with nutritional potential refers to the extraction of bioactive compounds from the yeast cell wall, such as β-glucans. Concerning the potential food applications with better textural characteristics, spent brewer's yeast glucan has high emulsion stability and water-holding capacity fitting best as a fat replacer in different food matrices. Few studies demonstrate the importance and nutritional role of β-glucans from brewer's yeast, and even less for spent brewer's yeast, due to additional steps in the extraction process. This review focuses on describing the process of obtaining insoluble β-glucans (particulate) from spent brewer's yeast and provides an insight into how a by-product from brewing can be converted to potential food applications.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast, bioactive polysaccharides, particulate β-glucans, spent brewer's yeast
NCBI PubMed ID: 33467670Publication DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020825Journal NLM ID: 101092791Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI
Correspondence: ionut.avramia@usm.ro
Institutions: Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Article ID: 9258
Kaleta B, Roszczyk A, Zych M, Kniotek M, Zagożdżon R, Klimaszewska M, Malinowska E, Pac M, Turło J "Selective biological effects of selenium-enriched polysaccharide (Se-Le-30) isolated from Lentinula edodes mycelium on human immune cells" -
Biomolecules 11(12) (2021) ID 1777
A common edible mushroom Lentinula edodes, is an important source of numerous biologically active substances, including polysaccharides, with immunomodulatory and antitumor properties. In the present work, the biological activity of the crude, homogenous (Se)-enriched fraction (named Se-Le-30), which has been isolated from L. edodes mycelium by a modified Chihara method towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and peripheral granulocytes, was investigated. The Se-Le-30 fraction, an analog of lentinan, significantly inhibited the proliferation of human PBMCs stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies or allostimulated, and down-regulated the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-? by CD3+ T cells. Moreover, it was found that Se-Le-30 significantly reduced the cytotoxic activity of human natural killer (NK) cells. The results suggested the selective immunosuppressive activity of this fraction, which is non-typical for mushroom derived polysaccharides.
polysaccharides, Lentinula edodes, selenium, immunosuppressant
NCBI PubMed ID: 34944419Publication DOI: 10.3390/biom11121777Journal NLM ID: 101596414Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI
Correspondence: Roszczyk A
; Zych M ; Kniotek M ; Zagożdżon R ; Klimaszewska M ; Malinowska E ; Turło J ; Pac M ; Kaleta B
Institutions: Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Department of Immunology, Transplantology, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Methods: biological assays, extraction, RP-HPLC, cell growth, cytokine production, cytotoxicity assay, Bradford method, ROS measurement, fluorometry
- Article ID: 9262
Klimaszewska M, Łapienis G, Kaleta B, Gorska S, Kaszowska M, Dawidowski M, Gamian A, Zagożdżon R, Górski A, Turło J "Identification of the primary structure of selenium-containing polysaccharides selectively inhibiting T-cell proliferation" -
Molecules 26(17) (2021) ID 5404
We previously described the biosynthesis, isolation, and immunosuppressive activity of the selenium-containing polysaccharide fraction isolated from the mycelial culture of Lentinula edodes. Structural studies have shown that the fraction was a protein-containing mixture of high molar mass polysaccharides α- and β-glucans. However, which of the components of the complex fraction is responsible for the immunosuppressive activity non-typical for polysaccharides of fungal origin has not been explained. In the current study, we defined four-polysaccharide components of the Se-containing polysaccharide fraction determined their primary structure and examined the effect on T- and B-cell proliferation. The isolated Se-polysaccharides, α-1,4-glucan (Mw 2250000 g/mol), unbranched β-1,6-D-glucan, unbranched β-1,3-D-glucan and β-1,3-branched β-1,6-D-glucan (Mw 110000 g/mol), are not typical as components of the cell wall of L. edodes. All are biologically active, but the inhibitory effect of the isolated polysaccharides on lymphocyte proliferation was weaker, though more selective than that of the crude fraction.
polysaccharides, T lymphocyte, Lentinula edodes, immunosuppressant, Se-containing polysaccharide
NCBI PubMed ID: 34500837Publication DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175404Journal NLM ID: 100964009Publisher: Basel, Switzerland: MDPI
Correspondence: Klimaszewska M
; Górska S ; Dawidowski M ; Górska S ; Łapienis G ; Kaleta B ; Zagożdżon R ; Kaszowska M ; Gamian A ; Górski A ; Turło J
Institutions: Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland, Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Microbiome Immunobiology Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland, Division of Polymers, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łodz, Poland, Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GLC-MS, 31P NMR, acid hydrolysis, biological assays, radiolabeling, radioactivity measurement, GPC, ion-exchange chromatography, extraction, acetylation, methylation analysis, reduction, RP-HPLC, precipitation, derivatization, Sevag method
- Article ID: 9324
Smriga M, Saito H "Effect of selected thallophytic glucans on learning behaviour and short-term potentiation" -
Phytotherapy Research 14(3) (2000) 153-155
This paper reviews the effects of thallophytic glucans on rodent cognitive performance modelled by a combination of behavioural and electrophysiological approaches. Glucans were isolated from thallophytic plants, based on prescriptions used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. In parallel with the already described enhancement of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by disaccharides, polysaccharides isolated from lichens Flavoparmelia caperata and Cetrariella islandica, enhanced hippocampal plasticity and behavioural performance in rats.
isolichenan, PC-2, Cetrariella islandica, senile dementia, learning behaviour, short-term potentiation, long-term potentiation
NCBI PubMed ID: 10815005Publication DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(200005)14:3<153::aid-ptr666>3.0.co;2-jJournal NLM ID: 8904486Publisher: Chichester: Wiley
Institutions: Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Central Research Laboratories, Kawasaki, Japan, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
- Article ID: 9332
Cateni F, Gargano ML, Procida G, Venturella G, Cirlincione F, Ferraro V "Mycochemicals in wild and cultivated mushrooms: nutrition and health" -
Phytochemistry Reviews 21(2) (2022) 339-383
The mushrooms have contributed to the development of active ingredients of fundamental importance in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry as well as of important tools in human and animal health, nutrition, and functional food. This review considers studies on the beneficial effects of medicinal mushrooms on the nutrition and health of humans and farm animals. An overview of the chemical structure and composition of mycochemicals is presented in this review with particular reference to phenolic compounds, triterpenoids and sterols, fatty acids and lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, peptides, and lectins. The nutritional value and chemical composition of wild and cultivated mushrooms in Italy is also the subject of this review which also deals with mushrooms as nutraceuticals and the use of mushrooms in functional foods. The nutraceutical benefits of UV irradiation of cultivated species of basidiomycetes to generate high amounts of vitamin D2 is also highlighted and the ability of the muhsrooms to inhibit glycation is analyzed. Finally, attention is paid to studies on bioactivities of some Italian wild and cultivated mushrooms with particular reference to species belonging to the genus Pleurotus. The review highlights the potential of medicinal mushrooms in the production of mycochemicals that represent a source of drugs, nutraceutical, and functional food. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
mushroom, chemical structures, cultivation, nutrition, fungal diversity, mycochemicals
Publication DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09748-2Journal NLM ID: 101198162Publisher: Dordrecht: Springer
Correspondence: M. L. Gargano
Institutions: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70126, Italy, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bld. 5, Palermo, 90128, Italy
- Article ID: 9348
Ghassemi N, Poulhazan A, Deligey F, Mentink-Vigier F, Marcotte I, Wang T "Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants" -
Chemical Reviews 122(10) (2022) 10036-10086
Extracellular matrixes (ECMs), such as the cell walls and biofilms, are important for supporting cell integrity and function and regulating intercellular communication. These biomaterials are also of significant interest to the production of biofuels and the development of antimicrobial treatment. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magic-angle spinning-dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) are uniquely powerful for understanding the conformational structure, dynamical characteristics, and supramolecular assemblies of carbohydrates and other biomolecules in ECMs. This review highlights the recent high-resolution investigations of intact ECMs and native cells in many organisms spanning across plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. We spotlight the structural principles identified in ECMs, discuss the current technical limitation and underexplored biochemical topics, and point out the promising opportunities enabled by the recent advances of the rapidly evolving ssNMR technology.
bacteria, algae, Plants, fungi, ssNMR
NCBI PubMed ID: 34878762Publication DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00669Journal NLM ID: 2985134RPublisher: Chem Rev
Correspondence: T. Wang < tuowang@lsu.edu>
Institutions: Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States, Department of Chemistry, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Article ID: 9367
Liu J, Wang Y, Wu J, Georgiev MI, Xu B, Wong KH, Bai W, Tian L "Isolation, Structural Properties, and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides from Mushrooms Termitomyces: A Review" -
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 70(1) (2022) 21-33
Termitomyces are well-known wild edible and medicinal basidiomycete mushrooms. The frequent consumption of Termitomyces stimulated studies on their health-promoting properties. Numerous health benefits of Termitomyces are associated with the main categories of components in Termitomyces, polysaccharides. Although the homopolysaccharides β-glucans are believed to be the major bioactive polysaccharides of Termitomyces, other heteropolysaccharides also possess biological activities. In this review, the extraction methods, chemical structures, and biological activities of polysaccharides from Termitomyces were thoroughly reviewed. The polysaccharides from different species of Termitomyces differ in molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and linkages of constituent sugars. The health-promoting effects, including antioxidation, ulcer-healing and analgesic properties, immunomodulation, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects, and antidiabetic properties of Termitomyces polysaccharides were summarized and discussed. Further studies were needed for a better understanding of the relationship between the fine chemical structure and health-promoting properties. This review provides a theoretical overview for future studies and utilization of Termitomyces polysaccharides.
polysaccharides, mushroom, Structures, bioactivities, Termitomyces
NCBI PubMed ID: 34936332Publication DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06443Journal NLM ID: 0374755Publisher: American Chemical Society
Correspondence: W. Bai
; L. Tian
Institutions: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China, Laboratory of Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, People's Republic of China, Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Methods: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, NMR-2D, methylation, GC-MS, NMR, GLC, GC, Smith degradation, FTIR, GPC, UV, periodate oxidation, HPGPC, AFM, DEPT-135, alkali extraction, hot alkaline extraction
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13. Compound ID: 6163
Structure type: polymer chemical repeating unit
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_158555,IEDB_241101,IEDB_983931,SB_192
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 2755
Simpson CL, Cheetham NWH, Giffard PM, Jacques NA "Four glucosyltransferases, GtfJ, GtfK, GtfL and GtfM, from Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975" -
Microbiology 141 (1995) 1451-1460
The four recombinant glucosyltransferases (GTFs), GtfJ, GtfK, GtfL and GtfM, that had previously been cloned from Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975, were individually expressed in Escherichia coli and their glucan products and kinetic properties were analysed. GtfJ was a primer-dependent GTF which synthesized an insoluble glucan composed mainly of α-(1→3)-linked glucosyl residues in the presence of dextran T-10. GtfK was primer-stimulated, and produced a linear soluble dextran without any detectable branch points both in the absence and in the presence of dextran T-10. GtfL was primer-independent and produced a mixed-linkage insoluble glucan composed of approximately equal proportions of α-(1→3)- and α-(1→6)-linked glucosyl residues. GtfL was inhibited by dextran T-10. GtfM was primer-independent and produced a soluble dextran with approximately 5% α-(1→3)-linked glucosyl residues. GtfM was essentially unaffected by the presence of dextran T-10. The results confirmed that each enzyme represented one of the four possible combinations of primer-dependency and product solubility and that each possessed unique biosynthetic properties. The soluble dextrans formed by GtfK and GtfM, as well as the mixed-linkage insoluble glucan formed by GtfL, were also capable of acting as primers for the primer-dependent GtfJ and the primer-stimulated GtfK. Unexpectedly, the linear dextran produced by GtfK was by far the least effective either at priming itself or at activating and priming the primer-dependent GtfJ.
13C-NMR, Streptococcus salivarius, Glucosyltransferases, kinetics, Glucans
NCBI PubMed ID: 7545511Publication DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-6-1451Journal NLM ID: 0376646Publisher: Washington, DC: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Institutions: Institute of Dental Research, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia
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14. Compound ID: 6285
|
35%Ala-(1-3)-L-Gro-(1--P--6)--+
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35%Ala-(1-3)-L-Gro-(1--P--6)--+ | LIP-(1-1)-+
| | |
{{{-b-D-Galf-(1-5)-}}}/n=7-14/-b-D-Galf-(1-6)-{{{-b-D-Glcp-(1-6)-}}}/n=7-10/-b-D-Galp-(1-3)-Gro
|
LIP-(1-2)-+ |
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Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: lipoteichoate derivative
Compound class: glycolipid
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_135614,IEDB_136044,IEDB_136095,IEDB_137472,IEDB_141794,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_146664,IEDB_149137,IEDB_151081,IEDB_190606,IEDB_241101,IEDB_885812,IEDB_983931,SB_165,SB_166,SB_187,SB_192,SB_195,SB_7,SB_88
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 2838
Fischer W "'Lipoteichoic acid' of Bifidobacterium bifidum subspeciespennsylvanicum DSM 20239. A lipoglycan with monoglycerophosphate side chain" -
European Journal of Biochemistry 165 (1987) 639-646
The lipid macroamphiphile of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum DSM 20239 was extracted with phenol/water and purified by treatment with nucleases and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. From analytical data, the results of Smith degradation, hydrolysis with HF and methylation studies, the following structure is proposed: (formula; see text) where n and m are approximately 7-10 and 8-15, respectively. The monoglycerophosphate residues have the sn-glycero-1-phosphate configuration; 20-50% of them are substituted with L-alanine in ester linkage. The lipid anchor is most likely a galactosyldiacylglycerol, part of which carries a third fatty acid. This is the first example among gram-positive bacteria of a glycerophosphate-containing lipid macroamphiphile that carries the glycerophosphate residues as monomeric side chains on a lipoglycan. Further, it contains L-alanine in place of the D-alanine found in lipoteichoic acids.
NCBI PubMed ID: 3595606Publication DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11488.xJournal NLM ID: 0107600Publisher: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
Institutions: Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen
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15. Compound ID: 6289
|
LIP-(1-1)-+
|
LIP-(1-3)-+ |
| |
?%D-Glcp-(1-?)-?%D-Glcp-(1-?)-82%D-Glcp-(1-2)-+ LIP-(1-2)-43%Gro-(1--P--6)--+ |
| | |
{{{-Gro-(1--P--3)--}}}/n=16/-{{{-Gro-(1--P--3)--}}}Gro-(1--P--6)--a-D-Glcp-(1-2)-a-D-Glcp-(1-3)-Gro
|
LIP-(1-2)-+ |
Show graphically |
Structure type: oligomer
Trivial name: lipoteichoate derivative
Compound class: glycolipid
Contained glycoepitopes: IEDB_130695,IEDB_135614,IEDB_140628,IEDB_140629,IEDB_141806,IEDB_142488,IEDB_144998,IEDB_144999,IEDB_146664,IEDB_153543,IEDB_153755,IEDB_158538,IEDB_158555,IEDB_1597446,IEDB_161523,IEDB_232584,IEDB_232585,IEDB_241101,IEDB_241118,IEDB_420421,IEDB_423115,IEDB_742521,IEDB_857742,IEDB_983931,SB_192
The structure is contained in the following publication(s):
- Article ID: 2581
Fischer W, Rösel P, Koch HU "Effect of alanine ester substitution and other structural features of lipoteichoic acids on their inhibitory activity against autolysins of Staphylococcus aureus" -
Journal of Bacteriology 146(2) (1981) 467-475
Native substitution with the D-alanine ester of lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) affects their immunological properties, the capacity to bind divalent cations, and LTA carrier activity. In this study we tested the influence of the D-alanine ester on anti-autolytic activity, using extracellular autolysin from Staphylococcus aureus and nine LTAs with alanine/phosphorus molar ratios of between 0.23 and 0.71. The inhibitory activity, highest with alanine-free LTA, exponentially decreased with increasing alanine content, approaching zero at substitutions of greater than 0.6. Correspondingly, dipolar ionic phospholipids were not inhibitory, in contrast to negatively charged ones. Glycosylation of LTA up to an extent of 0.5 did not depress inhibitory activity, and even at a degree of 0.8 the effect was comparatively small. On comparison of LTAs from various sources, differences in lipid structures and chain lengths were without effect. The inhibitory activity drastically decreased when the glycolipid carried a single glycerophosphate residue or the hydrophilic chain had the unusual structure [6→Gal(α1→6)Gal(α1→3)Gro-(2 comes from 1 αGal)-P]n, in which digalactosyl moieties connect the α-galactosylated glycerophosphate units. Principally, the same results were obtained with the more complex system of autolysis of S. aureus cells. We hypothesize that the anti-autolytic activity of LTA resides in a sequence of glycerophosphate units and that the negative charges of appropriately spaced phosphodiester groups play a crucial role. The alanine ester effect is discussed with respect to the putative in vivo regulation of autolysins by LTA.
NCBI PubMed ID: 6111553Publication DOI: 10.1128/JB.146.2.467-475.1981Journal NLM ID: 2985120RPublisher: American Society for Microbiology
Institutions: Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-8520 Erlangen, Federal Republic of Germany
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